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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

En-Route to a Driverless City-State: Examining the Current Legal Landscape for Autonomous Vehicles in Singapore

verfasst von : Thomas Hufnagel, Jaryl Lim Zhi Wei

Erschienen in: Autonomous Vehicles and Civil Liability in a Global Perspective

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

As part of Singapore’s Smart Nation movement, research and development trials for autonomous vehicles are already well underway in Singapore. However, Singapore’s laws relating to autonomous vehicles remain in their nascent stages as the Singapore government is presently still studying the legal consequences of autonomous vehicles and their related technologies. In 2017, the government had set up a ‘regulatory sandbox’ to regulate the trial and use of autonomous vehicles for a period of 5 years, and, in 2019, an industrial standard known as Technical Reference 68 was introduced by the Singapore Standards Council to set out best practices for the deployment of autonomous vehicles on Singapore roads.
This chapter will examine the various liability addressees involved in Level 0 to 5 autonomous vehicles (as defined under SAE J3016) based on existing legal principles in Singapore. It will also discuss recent legal trends—including the aforementioned ‘regulatory sandbox’ and Technical Reference 68—and their impact on the future regulation of autonomous vehicles in Singapore.

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Fußnoten
1
Ministry of Transport (27 August 2014) Speech by Mrs Josephine Teo at Autonomous Transport: Paving the Road for Future Mobility Event on 27 August 2014. Available via Government of Singapore. https://​www.​mot.​gov.​sg/​news-centre/​news/​Detail/​Speech-by-Mrs-Josephine-Teo-at-Autonomous-Transport-Paving-the-Road-for-Future-Mobility-Event-on-27-August-2014/​. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
2
Kevin Kwang (22 November 2017) Self-driving buses, shuttles to be tested in 3 towns from 2022. Available via Channel News Asia, Mediacorp Pte Ltd. https://​www.​channelnewsasia.​com/​news/​technology/​self-driving-buses-shuttles-test-punggol-jurong-tengah-9427850. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
3
Toh Ting Wei (25 October 2019) Western Singapore set to become test bed for self-driving vehicles. Available via The Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. https://​www.​straitstimes.​com/​singapore/​transport/​western-spore-set-to-become-test-bed-for-self-driving-vehicles. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
4
Melissa Lin (19 October 2016) Driverless car his lorry during test drive. Available via The Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. https://​www.​straitstimes.​com/​singapore/​driverless-car-hits-lorry-during-test-drive. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
5
Zhaki Abdullah (25 November 2016) ‘Software anomalies’ to blame for driverless car accident. Available via The Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. https://​www.​straitstimes.​com/​singapore/​software-anomalies-to-blame-for-driverless-car-accident. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
6
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at pages 64 to 65 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
7
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at page 87 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
8
Road Traffic Act (Cap 276, 2004 Rev Ed Sing).
 
9
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at page 65 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
10
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at page 65 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
11
Road Traffic Act (Cap 276, 2004 Rev Ed Sing), section 2(1).
 
12
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rules 4, 5 & 7.
 
13
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at page 86 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
14
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at page 65 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
15
Land Transport Authority (31 January 2019) Joint Media Release by the Land Transport Authority (LTA), Enterprise Singapore, Standards Development Organisation & Singapore Standards Council – Singapore Develops Provisional National Standards to Guide Development of Fully Autonomous Vehicles. Available via Government of Singapore. https://​www.​lta.​gov.​sg/​content/​ltagov/​en/​newsroom/​2019/​1/​2/​joint-media-release-by-the-land-transport-authority-lta-enterprise-singapore-standards-development-organisation-singapo.​html. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
16
Gwyneth Teo (31 January 2019) Singapore’s driverless vehicle ambitions reach next milestone with new national standards. Available via Channel News Asia, Mediacorp Pte Ltd. https://​www.​channelnewsasia.​com/​news/​technology/​singapore-driverless-vehicle-autonomous-national-standards-11190498. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
17
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 1, page 8, section 3.2.
 
18
SAE International (June 2018) Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J3016, section 3.13, pages 6 to 7.
 
19
Ng Swee Eng (administrator of the estate of Tan Chee Wee, deceased) v Ang Oh Chuan [2002] 2 SLR(R) 321.
 
20
Road Traffic Act (Cap 276, 2004 Rev Ed Sing), section 131.
 
21
Highway Code (Cap 276, R 11, 1990 Rev Ed Sing).
 
22
Penal Code (Cap 224, 2008 Rev Ed Sing).
 
23
Penal Code (Cap 224, 2008 Rev Ed Sing), section 279.
 
24
Penal Code (Cap 224, 2008 Rev Ed Sing), section 304A.
 
25
Interpretation Act (Cap 1, 2002 Rev Ed Sing).
 
26
Christabel Seah (5 February 2018) Autonomous vehicles: are we there yet? Available via Ince. https://​www.​incegd.​com/​en/​knowledge-bank/​autonomous-vehicles-are-we-there-yet. Accessed 29 May 2020.
 
27
Zhaki Abdullah (13 December 2016) Driverless vehicles could change laws, insurance policies. Legal, insurance experts say liability issues involving such technology are still unclear. Available via The Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. https://​www.​straitstimes.​com/​singapore/​transport/​driverless-vehicles-could-change-laws-insurance-policies. Accessed 29 May 2020.
 
28
Ng Swee Eng (administrator of the estate of Tan Chee Wee, deceased) v Ang Oh Chuan [2002] 2 SLR(R) 321.
 
29
Tan and Goh (2013), p. 510.
 
30
Wong (2017/18).
 
31
A “driver” is defined in the Road Traffic Act (Cap 276, 2004 Rev Ed Sing) to mean:
(a)
in relation to a trailer, includes a driver of a vehicle by which the trailer is drawn, and “drive” shall be construed accordingly;
 
(b)
where a separate person acts as a steersman of a motor vehicle, includes that person as well as any other person engaged in the driving of the vehicle, and “drive” shall be construed accordingly; and
 
(c)
includes the rider of a bicycle and any person propelling a tricycle or trishaw or pushing or pulling a cart, and “drive” shall be construed accordingly.
 
 
32
Wong (2017/18).
 
33
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 1, page 8, section 3.3.
 
34
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 1, page 8, section 3.4.
 
35
Road Traffic Act (Cap 276, 2004 Rev Ed Sing), section 23A.
 
36
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 4.
 
37
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 9.
 
38
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 14.
 
39
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 15.
 
40
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 16.
 
41
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 17.
 
42
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 18.
 
43
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 19.
 
44
Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (S 464/2017), rule 20.
 
45
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 1, page 11, section 4(e).
 
46
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, page 12, section 5.2.1.
 
47
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, page 13, section 5.2.5.
 
48
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, page 13, section 5.2.6.
 
49
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 14 to 15, section 5.4.
 
50
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 17 to 18, section 6.2.
 
51
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 18 to 21, sections 6.3 and 6.4.
 
52
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 21 to 22, section 6.5.
 
53
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 22 to 23, section 6.6.
 
54
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 23 to 24, section 6.7.
 
55
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, page 24, section 6.8.
 
56
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, page 25, section 7.7.
 
57
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 2, pages 25 to 26, section 8.
 
58
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 3, pages 14 to 15, section 5.2.
 
59
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 3, pages 13 to 14, section 5.1.
 
60
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 3, pages 16 to 23, section 6.
 
61
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 3, page 13, section 4(e).
 
62
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 1, page 6.
 
63
SAE International (June 2018) Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J3016, page 25, section 5.6.
 
64
The definition of ODD may be found at SAE International (June 2018) Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J3016, section 3.22, page 14.
 
65
SAE International (June 2018) Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J3016, page 23.
 
66
Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 at page 87 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng).
 
67
Technical Reference 68 (2019), Part 1, page 8, section 3.2.
 
68
KPMG International Cooperative (March 2019) 2019 Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index. Available at KPMG Services Pte Ltd. https://​home.​kpmg/​sg/​en/​home/​insights/​2019/​02/​2019-autonomous-vehicles-readiness-index.​html. Accessed 2 May 2020.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng) Parliamentary Debates Singapore: Official Report, vol 94 (7 February 2017) (Second Minister for Transport Mr Ng Chee Meng)
Zurück zum Zitat SAE International (June 2018) Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J3016. SAE International (June 2018) Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J3016.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan D, Goh YH (2013) The Promise of Universality: The Spandeck Formulation Half a Decade On. SAcLJ 510 Tan D, Goh YH (2013) The Promise of Universality: The Spandeck Formulation Half a Decade On. SAcLJ 510
Zurück zum Zitat Wong K (2017/18) Considerations in an Autonomous Era. Juris Illuminae Vol 9 Wong K (2017/18) Considerations in an Autonomous Era. Juris Illuminae Vol 9
Metadaten
Titel
En-Route to a Driverless City-State: Examining the Current Legal Landscape for Autonomous Vehicles in Singapore
verfasst von
Thomas Hufnagel
Jaryl Lim Zhi Wei
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41992-8_8