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2. From the East Side: Center of the Yiddish Press

verfasst von : Shelby Shapiro

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Abstract

This study examines the women’s pages in three mass circulation daily newspapers, as well as two short-lived women’s magazine. The magazines, Froyen zhurnal and Di froyen-velt, appeared on a monthly basis, one of them (Di froyen-velt) becoming a weekly in January 1914 until its demise two months later. The women’s pages in Dos yidishes tageblatt and Forverts came out weekly. Only one of the newspapers, Der tog, had a daily women’s page, even though not so labeled.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction

Nächstes Kapitel On the Women’s Pages: Assimilation and Americanization

Gordon S. Wood, “History and Myth. Review of Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generations of Americans, by Joyce Appleby,” in The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 254.

John Higham, “The Immigrant in American History,” in Send These to Me: Immigrants in Urban America, ed. John Higham (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 26.

Isadore David Passow, “The Yiddish Press in the Acculturative Process,” Gratz College Annual of Jewish Studies 5 (1976): 70.

For general European immigration, see Lloyd P. Gartner, “Jewish Migrants en Route from Europe to North America: Traditions and Realities,” Jewish History 1, no. 2 (Fall 1986): 55; see, also John Higham, “The Immigrant in American History,” in Send These to Me: Immigrants in Urban America, ed. John Higham (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 20–23; Jewish immigration figures derived from Table 3, in Gerald Sorin, A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880–1920, vol. 3 of The Jewish People in America, ed. Henry L. Feingold (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press ins cooperation with the American Jewish Historical Society, 1992), 58; Harry S. Linfield, “Statistics of Jews,” American Jewish Year Book 24 (5683/1922): 317; Harry S. Linfield, “Statistics of Jews,” American Jewish Year Book 25 (5684/1923): 345; H. S. Linfield, “Statistics of Jews,” American Jewish Year Book 28 (5687/1926): 416.

Helen Damon-Moore and Carl F. Kaestle, “Gender, Advertising and Mass-Circulation Magazines,” in Literacy in the United States: Readers and Reading Since 1880, Carl F. Kaestle, et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 248–49; Helen Damon-Moore, Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in the Ladies’ Home Journal and the Saturday Evening Post, 1880–1910 (Albany: State University of New York, 1994), 24–25; Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies’ Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995), 12–14.

Conolly-Smith, Translating America, 325n.7

Rosemary Fry Plakas and Jacqueline Coleburn, “Rare Books and Special Collections,” in American Women, a Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women’s History and Culture in the United States, ed. Sheridan Harvey (Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 2001), 106.

Maria T. Baader, “Die Deborah,” in Jewish Women in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Paula E. Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, eds., 320–22 (New York: Routledge, 1997).

Jane H. Rothstein, “Sonneschein, Rosa (1847–1932),” in Jewish Women in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Paula E. Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1997), 1289–90; Jane Heather Rothstein, “Rosa Sonneschein, the American Jewess, and American Jewish Women’s Activism in the 1890s,” Master’s thesis (Case Western Reserve University, 1996).

J. Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike (NY: J. Chaikin, 1946), 203.

“Manski, mordkhe-leyb,” in Der leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, vol. 5, Ephraim Auerbach, Isaac Charlash, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 461 (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1963). This Leksikon entry errs, however, by confusing Froyen-velt with Froyen zhurnal, the latter not appearing until 1922.

For a general description of Froyen-velt, see Paula E. Hyman, “America, Freedom, and Assimilation,” in Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and Representation of Women, ed. Paula E. Hyman (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 116–18.

See Zalman Rejzen, “Liber, bentsion,” in Leksikon fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, vol. 2, 117–119 (Vilna: Kletzkin Farlag, 1920); Jacob Cohen,” Liber, ben-tsion,” in Leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, vol. 5, Ephraim Auerbach, Isaac Charlash, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 53–54 (NY: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1963); Eli Lederhendler, “Guides for the Perplexed: Sex, Manners, and Mores for the Yiddish Reader in America,” in Jewish Responses to Modernity: New Voices in America and Eastern Europe (New York: New York University Press, 1994), 140–158; see, also, Leo M. Glassman, “Liber, Benzion,” in Biographical Encyclopaedia of American Jews 1935, 331 (NY: Maurice Jacobs & Leo M. Glassman, 1935).

Zalman Rejzen, “Fridman, yakov-yisroel,” in Leksikon fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, vol. 3, 185 (Vilna: Kletzkin Farlag, 1929); Chaim-Leib Fuchs, “Fridman, yakov-yeshaye,” in Der leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, Ephriam Auerbach, Jacob Birnbaum, Dr Elias Shulman, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 480–481 (NY: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1968).

“Di post,” Di froyen-velt, December 1913, 16.

“Froyen rekhte in yunayted steyts,” Di froyen-velt, May 1913, 6; see, also, “Der kampf far di rekhte fun froyen,” Di froyen-velt, 8/February 1914.

“Froyen in yunayted steyts,” Di froyen-velt, June 1913, 6.

Yitzhak Krim, “Di geburt fun der nayer froy,” Di froyen-velt, July 1913, 11.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “Di tsukunft fun der heym,” Di froyen-velt, 22/February 1914; “Di heyligkeyt fun der familiet,” Di froyen-velt, 1/March 1914. Gilman’s authorship of the first article is set forth in “Di heylikkayt.”

Dr Ida Rovinski, “Di higiene fun shap,” Di froyen velt, August 1913, 10–11.

“Badanes, Ida,” in the Biographical ‘Encyclopaedia of American Jews 1935, ed. Leo M. Glassman, 22 (NY: Maurice Jacobs &Leo M. Glassman, 1935).

“Nobele arbeyt fun kounsil ov dzshuish vimen,” D froyen-velt, 22/February 1914.

“Vi azoy ferliebt men zikh?” Di froyen-velt, March 1, 1914; “Kandidaten oyf khasene hoben,” Di froyen-velt, March 8, 1914 and March 15, 1914; see, also, Shelby Shapiro, For “Lena and Libe: Readers and Americanization in a Yiddish Women’s Magazine, 1913–1914,” seminar paper (Washington, D.C., The American University, 1977).

“Der paruk amol un haynt,” Di froyen-velt, November 1913, 3.

Esther Broido, “Di idishe froy un di rabonims makhloyke,” Di froyen-velt, 15/February 1914.

For general descriptions of Froyen zhurnal, see Paula E. Hyman, “America, Freedom, and Assimilation,” in Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and Representation of Women, ed. Paula E. Hyman (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 120–122; Rudolph Glanz, The Jewish Woman in America: Two Female Immigrant Generations, 1820–1929, vol. 1, The Eastern European Jewish Woman (NY: KTAV Publishing House, Inc., in cooperation with the National Council of Jewish Women, 1976), 88; Norma Fain Pratt, “Transitions in Judaism: The Jewish American Woman Through the 1930s,” American Quarterly 30, no. 5 (Winter 1978): 691–92.

“The Jewish Woman’s Home Journal,” Froyen zhurnal (May 1922): 66.

Pratt, “Transitions in Judaism,” 691.

Harold Berman’s fourteen Bernard Van Fish stories appeared in Dos yidishes tageblatt from August 31, 1922 to November 7, 1923.

Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Harold Berman, Editor of English-jewish [sic] Publications, Dies; Was 70 Years Old,” 1/June 1949.

“Di froyen zhurnal,” Froyen zhurnal, May 1922, 3.

“Fun monat tsu monat,” Froyen zhurnal (November 1922): 5.

Harold Berman, “Shevuous and the Jewish Woman,” Froyen zhurnal, May 1923, 49.

Shulamith Magnus, “The Jewish Concept of Womanhood,” Froyen zhurnal, June 1922, 64; Joseph Margoshes, “Gemora-vertlakh vegen froyen,” Froyen zhurnal, January 1923, 16; Joseph Margoshes, “Gemora-vertlakh vegen kinder,” Froyen zhurnal, April 1923, 18; “Vegen kinder un kinder ertsihung,” Froyen zhurnal, June-July 1923, 24.

Ella Blum, “Idishe froyen un idishe traditsie,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1922, 5.

Ella Blum, “Di idishe mame,” Froyen zhurnal, July 1922, 5; Ella Blun, “A grenets tsu muter-liebe,” Froyen zhurnal, November 1922, 7; Ella Blum, “Undzer mishpokhe-leben,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1923, 6.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, June 1922, 6; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1922, 6; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1922, 7; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, January 1923, 7; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, February 1923, 8; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, March 1923, 7; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, May 1923, 6; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, June-July 1923, 5.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di idishe froy in amerika,” eight-part series, Dos yidishes tageblatt.25/December 1921 to 13/January 1922.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di ekonomishe unobhengikeyt fun der idisher froy,” Froyen zhurnal, June-July 1923, 9.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di amerikaner idisher froy,” Froyen zhurnal, October 1923, 10; Mordecai Dantzis, “Di idishe froy als birgerin,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1922, 51.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Froyen un fridn,” Froyen zhurnal, January 1923, 8; Mordecai Dantzis, “Der froyen kongres in roym,” Froyen zhurnal, April 1923, 11.

Zalman Rejzen, “Bril (lip), yitshak-lipa,” in Leksikon fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, vol. 1, ed. Zalman Rejzen, 436–37 (Vilna: Kletzkin Farlag, 1928); Sh. Niger and Jacob Shatzky, “Bril (lip), yitshak-lipa,” in Der leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, Shmuel Niger, Jacob Shatzky, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 474 (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1956); Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 319.

Lucy S. Dawidowicz, “Louis Marshall’s Yiddish Newspaper, The Jewish World: A Study in Contrasts,” Jewish Social Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1963): 123–24; Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike), 137–45.

Dawidowicz, “Louis Marshall’s Yiddish Newspaper,” Jewish Social Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1963): 106n.12.

Dawidowicz, “Louis Marshall’s Yiddish Newspaper,” Jewish Social Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1963): 106n.13.

Dawidowicz, “Louis Marshall’s Yiddish Newspaper,” Jewish Social Studies 25, no. 2 (April 1963): 108.

Chaim-Leib Fuchs, “Mlakhi, eliazer-rfal,” in Leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, vol. 6, Ephraim Auerbach, Isaac Charlash, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 12 (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1965).

Alexander Harkavy, “Di ershte tsayten fun di idishe prese in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt Jubilee number, 20/March 1910; Berl Kagan, Yidishe shtet, shtetlekh un dorfishe yeshuvim in lite biz 1918 (New York: Berl Kagan, 1990).

“Editorials,” American Jewess, December 1898, 41.

Chaim Zeligson, “Di ershte suvalker in nyu-york,” in Yizkor-bukh suvalk un di arumikhe shtetlekh, ed. Berl Kagan (NY: Suwalk & Vicinity Relief Committee of New York, 1961), 567.

Berl Kagan, “Pionern fun yidish-hebreyisher prese,” in Yizkor-bukh suvalk un di arumikhe shtetlekh, ed. Berl Kagan (NY: Suwalk & Vicinity Relief Committee of New York, 1961), 232–238.

On Sarasohn’s early life, see Greene, American Immigrant Leaders, 88 et seq; Zalman Rejzen, “Sarasohn (sarazon), kasriel tsvi,” in Leksikon fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, vol. 4, ed. Zalman Rejzen, 886–88 (Vilna: Kletzkin Farlag, 1929); Moshe Starkman, “Di sarazohn-zikhroynes vegn der yidisher prese in amerike,” in Yorbukh fun amopteyl 1, Alexander Mukdoni and Jacob Shatzky, eds., 273–74 (New York: American Section of YIVO, 1938).

Moshe Starkman, “Di antshteyung fun der yidisher prese in amerike,” in Zamel-bukh tsu der geshikhte fun der yidisher prese in amerike, ed. Jacob Shatzky, 13, 16–17 (NY: Yidisher Kultur Gezelshaft, 1934); Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 51–53.

Philip Krantz, “A blik oyf di idishe prese in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt Jubilee number, 20/March 1910

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 54; Starkman, “Di antshteyung fun der yidisher prese in amerike,” 17–19; Ezekiel Lifschutz and David Neal Miller, trans., “The Yudishe Gazeten (1874–1928),” Yiddish 2, no. 2–3 (Winter-Spring 1976): 32–38.

Sorin, A Time for Building), 2, 7.

Moshe Starkman, “Di yidishe prese in amerike, 1875–1885,” in Zamelbukh lekoved dem tsvey hundert un fuftsikstn yoyvl fun der yidishe prese, 1686–1936, ed. Jacob Shatzky, 250 (New York: American Section of YIVO, 1937).

Kalman Marmor, “Di ershter yidisher tsaytung-trost,” in Der onheyb fun der yidisher literatur in amerike (1870–1890), ed. Kalman Marmor, 114–17 (New York: Yiddisher Kultur Farband—YKUF, 1944).

Moshe Starkman, “Tsum onheyb fun der yidisher arbeter-prese,” in Geklibene shriftn 1, Mordecai Khlamish and Yitzhak Yanasovitsh, eds., 110, 121 (New York: CYCO Publishing House, 1979).

Sarah Abrevaya Stein, Making Jews Modern: The Yiddish and Ladino Press in the Russian and Ottoman Empires (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 5.

Soltes, The Yiddish Press: An Americanizing Agency, 24.

Dr S. Margoshes, “The Jewish Press in New York City,” in The Jewish Communal Register 1917–1918 (New York: Kehillah (Jewish Community) of New York City, 1918), 612.

Lipsky, The Rise of Abraham Cahan, 112.

Starkman, “Di sarazohn-zikhroynes vegn der yidisher prese in amerike,” 290–91; Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 278.

Starkman, “Di sarazohn-zikhroynes vegn der yidisher prese in amerike,” 279.

Kagan, “Pionern fun yidish-hebreyisher prese,” 233.

Zeligson, “Di ershte suvalker in nyu-york,” 568.

Gedaliah Bublick, “Dos ‘tageblat’ un ortodokishes yudentum in amerike,” in Finf un zibetsik yor yidishe prese in amerike, 1870–1945, J. Glatstein, Sh. Niger, and H. Rogoff, eds., 80–81 (New York: Y. L. Peretz Shrayber Farayn, 1945).

Rose Shomer-Bachelis, Vi ikh hob zey gekent: portretn fun bavuste idishe perzenlikhaytn (Los Angeles: Rose Shomer Bachelis, 1955), 110.

Arthur Zipser and Pearl Zipser, Fire and Grace: The Life of Rose Pastor Stokes (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 1–2. 21.

Zipser and Zipser, Fire and Grace, 44.

Abraham (Ab.) Cahan, In di mitele yohren, vol. 4 of Bleter fun mayn leben (New York: Forwards Association, 1928), 552.

“The English Department,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 2/November 1914.

“Di froy un di familie,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 14/November 1914.

For Zevin (Tashrak), see Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: Israel-Joseph Zevin (Tashrak),” Tsum Punkt/To the Point 3, no. 5 (June-July 2002): 7; Elias Schulman, “Onheyb fun der yidisher literatur in amerike,” Portretn un etudn (NY: CYCO Bikher Farlag, 1979), 450–458; for A. Sheps, better known as A. Almi (Eliash), see Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: A. Almi,” Tsum punkt/To the Point 7, no. 1 (September-October 2005): 6–7; Shea Tenenbaum, “Kaos un harmonie: vegn a. almi’s ‘gezang un gevayn’” Shnit fun mayn feld (NY: Shea Tenenbaum, 1949), 295–99; Shea Tenenbaum, “Der sheps oyf der akedye: zikhroynes vegen a. almi,” in Mitnakht in varshe (NY: CYCO Publishing House, 1987), 508–16.

Tashrak (Y. Y. Zevin), D. M. Hermalin, and Abner Tannenbaum, Etikete: a veg vayzer fun leytishe oyffihrung, heflikhayt un shehne manieren far mener un froyen (New York: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1912).

Shea Tenenbaum, “A. almi—der alzaytiker shafer,” in A. almi-bukh, ed. A. S. Sachs, 127 (Buenos Aires: Tsentral Farband fun Poylishe Yidn in Argentine, 1962).

Yosef Hillel Halevy, “A almi, dikhter un denker,” in A. almi-bukh, ed. A. S. Sachs, 65 (Buenos Aires: Tsentral Farband fun Poylishe Yidn in Argentine, 1962).

A. Almi, Momentn fun a lebn (Buenos Aires: Tsentral Farband fun Poylishe Yidn in Argentine, 1948), 199–200.

Leo M. Glassman, “Almi, A.” Biographical Encyclopaedia of American Jews 1935, 10 (NY: Maurice Jacob s & Leo M. Glasman, 1935); A. Almi, Momentn fun a lebn (Buenos Aires: Tsentral Farband fun Poylishe Yidn in Argentine, 1948), 205–212; Yefim Yeshurun, “A. Almi-bibliografye,” in A. almi-bukh, ed. A. S. Sachs, 179–180,182 (Buenos Aires: Tsentral Farband fun Poylishe Yidn in Argentine, 1962).

To the same effect, see Ayelet Brinn, “Translation, Politics, Pragmatism, and the American Yiddish Press,” in With Freedom in Our Ears: Histories of Jewish Anarchism, Anna Elena Torres and Kenyon Zimmer, eds., 114–116 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2023).

Almi, Momentn fun a lebn, 219–211.

Halevy, “A. almi, der dikhter un denker,” 65.

Cf. Mary Ellen Waller, “Popular Women’s Magazines, 1890–1917” (Ph.D. diss., New York: Columbia University, 1987), for a discussion of “product life cycles,” the ways in which publications take shape, introduce innovations, react to advertisers, and so forth.

“Far unzere kinder” appeared 101 times, from January 4, 1914 until September 26, 1915.

“Khosn-kale frage” (“The Bride and Groom Question”); the change took place on September 7, 1914.

American Jewish Committee, “Federation of American Zionists,” American Jewish Year Book 1 (1899–1900): 36–41.

Harkavy, “Di ershte tsayten fun di idishe prese in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt Jubilee number, 20/March 1910; Krantz, “A blik oyf di idishe prese in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt Jubilee number, 20/March 1910; Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: Getzel Zelikowitch,” Yiddish of Greater Washington Newsletter 15, no. 4 (March-April 1995): 6; Shelby Shapiro, “From Strassen to gasn” (University of Maryland-College Park, 1995), 2, 13, 19, 21–27, Seminar paper.

Lena Rozenherts, “Ferhayrathe un unferhayrathe froyen,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 20/January 1915.

Tashrak’s “Mayse’lekh far ayere kinder” ran from October 3, 1915 until July 13, 1920.

Prof. Arthur Dean, “Ayere kinder,” Der tog, ran from June 4, 1925 to August 5, 1925, and focused on child-raising.

“Lezt es far ayere kinder,” Forverts, ran from May 5, 1918 to June 9, 1918.

“Di rabonim un di shabes-tsaytung,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 24/November 1914; “Der kehile-‘tog’ khilel-hashem,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 19/February 1915; “Dr. y. l. magnes, der ‘tog’ un der groyser khilel-hashem,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 25/February 1915.

Emes, “Sabbath Violations Denounced,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/January 1915.

Moses Rischin, “Cahan, Abraham (1860–1951),” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 5, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., 14 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1971).

Madison, Jewish Publishing in America, 115.

Tony Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), 52–53; for Spivak, see Jeanne E. Abrams, Dr. Charles David Spivak: A Jewish Immigrant and the American Tuberculosis Movement (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009).

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts) 32–35; see, also, Alexander Harkavy, “Chapters from my life,” Jonathan D. Sarna, trans. from Hebrew original, American Jewish Archives 33, no. 1 (April 1981): 35–51, reprint, 1935 original; Starkman, “Tsum onheyb fun der yidisher arbeter-prese,” 103–6; Marovitz, Abraham Cahan, 14.

Elias Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber (NY: Forward Association, 1986), 32.

100

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 73; Lipsky, The Rise of Abraham Cahan, 38.

101

Cahan, In di mitele yohren, 273, 380, 506–7.

102

Marovitz, Abraham Cahan, 48–49.

103

Madison, Jewish Publishing in America, 116; Moses Rischin, “Abraham Cahan and the New York Commercial Advertiser: A Study in Acculturation,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 43, no. 1 (September 1953): 10–36.

104

Cahan, In di mitele yohren, 308, 504–7; Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 122, 123.

105

Cahan, In di mitele yohren, 273, 380, 506–7; Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 121–23, 164–65.

106

Cahan, In di mitele yohren, 302–304.

107

Madison, Jewish Publishing in America, 117.

108

Shapiro, “From Strassen to gasn,” 20, Soltes, The Yiddish Press: An Americanizing Agency, 24.

109

N. W. Ayer & Son, N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and Directory (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1915), 1281.

110

Rischin, “Cahan, Abraham (1860–1951),” 15.

111

N. W. Ayer & Son, N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and Directory (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1922), 1340.

112

N. W. Ayer & Son, N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and Directory (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1916), 1289.

113

N. W. Ayer & Son, N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and Directory (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1917), 1292.

114

N. W. Ayer & Son, N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and Directory (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1923), 1376.

115

For collections of A bintel brief, see Isaac Metzker, ed. and compiler, Harry Golden, introduction and notes, A Bintel Brief: Sixty Years of Letters from the Lower East Side in the Jewish Daily Forward (NY: Ballantine Books, 1971) and Isaac Metzker, ed. and compiler, A Bintel Brief: Letters in the Jewish Daily Forward, 1950–1981 (NY: Viking Press, 1981). Some authors have raised questions as to the authenticity of the purported letter-writers; see Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 191 Marvin Bressler, “Selected Family Patterns in W. I. Thomas’ Unfinished Study of the Bintel Brief,” American Sociological Review 17, no. 5 (October 1952): 564.

116

For Berl Botwinik, see Elias Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber (NY: Forward Association, 1986), 8–9; Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: Berl Botwinik,” Tsum punkt/To the Point (May 2001): 7.

117

Maxine S. Seller, “World of Our Mothers: The Women’s Page of the Jewish Daily Forward,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 16, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 98, for a general description of the Forverts women’s page in 1919.

118

Historian Rachel Rojanski made this point in a paper delivered at the 2004 Biennial Scholars’ Conference on American Jewish History, sponsored by the American Jewish Historical Society on June 6, 2004, at the State University of New York at Albany.

119

WikiTree, “Sarah Taksen”, https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Taksen, accessed April 20, 2021, drawing upon Immigration and Naturalization records, as well as Census Records for 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940, and the Florida Death Index, 1877–1988.

120

Norma Fain Pratt, “Culture and Radical Politics: Yiddish Women Writers, 1890–1940,” American Jewish History 70, 1 (September 1980): 75–76.

121

“Der driter numer ‘gerekhtigkayt,’” Advertisement, Der tog, 1/February 1919.

122

“The Housewife’s Guide/di hauzvayf’s gayd,” Forverts, 25/December 1922.

123

“Geshprekhen mit lezer un advertayzer fin ‘forverts’,” Forverts, 29/July 1919.

124

“A bintel brief,” Forverts, 4/April 1917.

125

Sorin, Tradition Transformed, 79.

126

M. Podalski, “Haynt—veltige frume vayblakh,” Forverts, 10/March 1918.

127

“Delikatessen zhurnal,” Forverts, 2/April 1925.

128

“Delikatessen zhurnal,” Forverts, 22/April 1925.

129

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 254.

130

For Bernstein, see Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: Herman Bernstein,” Tsum punkt/To the Point 5, no. 3 (February-March 2004): 3.

131

Leo M. Glassman, “Bernstein, Herman,” Biographical Encyclopaedia of American Jews 1935, 39 (NY: Maurice Jacobs & Leo M. Glassman), 1935).

132

Lloyd P. Gartner and Daniel Efron, “Magnes, Judah Leon (1877–1948),” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 11, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., 716–17 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1972).

133

Gerald Sorin, Tradition Transformed: The Jewish Experience in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 120.

134

Joseph B. Glass, From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine,1917–1939 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000) 91.

135

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 234.

136

Yitshak Libman, “Bernard semel,” in Boyer un shafer fun mayn dor, Vol. 1 (NY: Farlag “Wochenblatt,” 1953), 92, 96–98. I am grateful to my brother-in-law, Yossi Levinson, for drawing my attention to Libman, his grandfather; Leo M. Glassman, ‘Semel, Bernard,’ Biographical Encyclopaedia of American Jews 1935, 492–493.

137

“Program Declaration,” Der tog, 5/November 1914.

138

“Elf yohr ‘tog’,” Der tog, 5/November 1925.

139

Ayelet Brinn, “Beyond the Women’s Section: Rosa Lebensboym, Female Journalists, and the American Yiddish Press,” American Jewish History 104, no. 3 (April/July 2020): 362–363.

140

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 240.

141

See Shapiro, “From Shtrassen To Gasn.”

142

Benyomin Katz, “Ab kahan (a zikhroynes fun a yidishn zetser in nu-york),” Di pen 9 (April 1995): 29 Unfortunately, Katz did not state when this conversation took place; since it revolved around the publication of a book by poet Moyshe-Yankev Adershleger, it must have occurred before March 18, 1940, when Adershleger died.

143

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 23; Marovitz, Abraham Cahan, 9, 27.

144

Dr Chaim Zhitlowsky, “Hertsl-kult,” Der tog, 24/February 1915; Dr Chaim Zhitlowsky, “Der arbeter ring,” Der tog, 4/April 1915; Dr Chaim Zhitlowsky, “Vos iz asimilatsie?” Der tog, 30/June 1915; Dr Chaim Zhitlowsky, “Idishistisher tsionizm,” Der tog, 3/March 1918; Zalman Rejzen, “Zshitlovski, khaym,” in Leksikosn fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, band 1, Zalman Rejzen, 1131 (Vilna: Kletzkin Farlag, 1928); on the struggle between Cahan and Zhitlowsky, see Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 125–136, 145–14.

145

A. Almi, “An ofener briv tsu d’r khaym zhitlovski,” in A. Almi, Fraye arbeter shtime, February 19, 1937), reprinted in Kritik un polemik (Warsw: Farlag Sh. Tsuker, 1939), 211–214.

146

H. (D. M. Hermalin), “Der koyekh fun fanatizm lebt nokh,” Der tog, 5/May 1917.

147

“Mayses un khesroynes fun der froy loyt der gemore,” Der tog, 17/July 1915; Joseph Margoshes, “Perl fun der gemore un midrash vegen isenshaft un kinder-ertsihung,” Der tog, 7/August 1915; S. Goldberg-Cantor, “What Our Sages Thought About the Fair Sex,” Der tog, 8/February 1925.

148

Yehoash’s translation began in the October 19, 1922 issue; see Yaelle R. Frohlich, “The Publication and Dissemination of the Yehoash Bible, 1922–1942,” Shofar 35, no.4 (Summer 2017): 43–61.

149

H., “Di miskherim mit tikets in shuhlen um shabos,” Der tog, 24/August 1915.

150

“Di galerie fun fershvundene menshen,” Der tog, 24/June 1916.

151

H., “Identum un di glaykhe rekhte far froyen,” Der tog, 26/April 1917.

152

H., “Der emes’er tsiel fun idishkeyt bay iden,” Der tog, 27/September 1918; for the meaning of circumcision, tsitsis, tefillin, wearing beards and payes, see Ronald L. Eisenberg, The JPS Guide to Jewish Tradition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2004), 7–8, 380–81, 382–85, 590–92.

153

H., “Vegen di nayn-teg un dos alten tishe-bov,” Der tog, 13/July 1918.

154

H., “A frumer id vos iz kayn id nit,” Der tog, 15/December 1917.

155

On Hermalin, see Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: D. M. Hermalin,” Tsum Punkt/To the Point 4, no. 1 (September-October 2002): 7.

156

See, for example, A. R. (Avrom Radutski), “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 27/September 1915.

157

Anna Weiss (Rosa Lebensboym), “Shmusen mit muters,” Der tog, 26/February 1917; Sofia Brandt (Rosa Lebensboym), “Vi azoy vert men shlank?” Der tog, 26/February 1917.

158

For Lebensboym, see Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: Anna Margolin,” Tsum Punkt/To the Point 8, no. 1 (Winter 2006): 7–8; Reuben Eisland, Fun unzer friling (NY: Farlag Indzl, 1954), 158; Brinn, “Beyond the Women’s Section,” American Jewish History 104, no. 3 (April/July 2020): 347–389: Sheva Zucker, “Ana margolin an di poezie fun geshpoltenem ikh,” Yivo bleter 1 (1991): 175.

159

Eisland, Fun unzer friling, 136; on world literature translations in the Yiddish press, see Ayelet Brinn, “Translation, Politics, Pragmatism, and the American Yiddish Press,” in With Freedom in Our Ears: Histories of Jewish Anarchism, Anna Elena Torres and Kenyon Zimmer, eds., 110–130 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2023).

160

Brinn, “Beyond the Women’s Section,” 365.

161

Parush, Reading Jewish Women; Iris Parush, “Another Look at ‘the Life of “Dead” Hebrew,’” Book History 7 (2004): 171–214; Shaul Stampfer, “Gender Differentiation and Education of the Jewish Woman in Nineteenth-Century Eastern Europe,” Polin 1 (1992): 63–87.

162

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 123.

163

Mary McCune, “The Whole Wide World Without Limits”: International Relief, Gender Politics, and American Jewish Women, 1893–1930 (Detroit: Wayne State University, 2005), 53.

164

Pamela S. Nadell, America’s Jewish Women: A History from Colonial Times to Today (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2019), 148.

165

See, for example, “Geburte frage tor nit inbergelozt veren tsu der blinder natur,” Der tog, 14/February 1924; Adella Kean, “Zol di menshhayt in der tsukunft bashtehn fun shvakhkepige un idioten?” Der tog, 28/February 1924. For a masterful account of the eugenics movement and its campaign to eliminate the “threat” of the so-called feeble-minded, see Jonathan P. Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant(Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2009).

166

Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 21/July 1921.

167

Adella Kean Zametkin, “Fun a froy tsu froyen,” Der tog, 5/April 1919; Adella Kean Zametkin, “Fun a froy tsu froyen,” Der tog, 14/April 1919; Adella Kean, “Farshaydene pesakh’dige gerikhten vos zeynen geshmak un gezunt,” Der tog, 21/April 1924; Adella Kean, “Fun a froy tsu froyen,” Der tog, 6/April 1925

168

Adella Kean, “Froyen klobs,” Der tog, 29/September 1920.

169

Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 11/August 1921.

170

For Adella Kean (Zametkin), see Shelby Shapiro, “Yiddish Cultural Figures: Adella Kean Zametkin,” Tsum Punkt/To the Point 8, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 5–6; Laura Z. Hobson, Laura Z.: A Life (New York: Arbor House, 1983), 22–25; McCune, “The Whole Wide World Without Limits,” 53–54, 68, 73–75, 164–66, 217n.23.

171

Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber, 82.

172

S. Dingol, “Amerika un amerikanizeyshon,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 30/September 1914; H., “Bald vet men onheyben ‘amerikaniziren’ iden,” Der tog, 10/October 1919; “‘Tsvang’-amerikanizeyshon,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 21/January 1920; Sh. Niger, “Amerikanizatsie,” Der tog, 14/February 1925.

173

“Der amerkianizm fun di eyngevanderte,” Der tog, 13/October 1915; “Idishkeyt un amerikanizm,” Der tog, 13/June 1916; “The Making of American Citizens,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 2010/February 1916; H., “Rayoynes vos kumen fun sdorim in amerika,” Der tog, 18/April 1916; “Who Are the True Americans,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 9/August 1917; “Amerikanizeyshon,” Forverts, 5/August 1918; “Vos heyst amerikanizirt?” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/February 1922; “The Jewish Woman’s Home Journal,” Froyen zhurnal, May 1922, 66; Dr Stephen S. Wise, “What is Americanization?” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/May 1922; Mordecai Dantzis, “Vos amerika maynt far dem hayntigen idishen imigrant,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/November 1922; Adella Kean, “Vatsh yur step,” Der tog, 25/October 1923; Ch., “Vos rufen mir amerikaniziren zikh,” Der tog, 9/August 1923; Ch., “Gor a nayer bilbul fun an antisemit,” Der tog, 19/August 1923; I. L. Bril, “Americanization,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 21/January 1924; “What the Jew Has Done for America,” Der tog, 5/May 1925.

174

Esther Broido, “Idishe mames lernt english!” Di froyen-velt, 8/March 1914; Eliash, “Vos heyst ‘amerikanizirt?’,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 23/January 1916; “Lerent english durkh’n ‘forverts’l,” Forverts, 26/November 1920, announcing a series by Alexander Harkavy which ran from December 1, 1920 until May 15, 1921; “Vos heyst amerikanizirt?” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/February 1922; “The Jewish Woman’s Home Journal,” Froyen zhurnal, May 1922, 66.

175

“Di rabonim un di shabes-tsaytung,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 24/November 1914; “Der kehile- ‘tog’ khilel-hashem,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 19/February 1915; “Dr. y. l. magnes, der ‘tog’ un der groyser khilel-hashem,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 25/February 1915.

176