Technical and Technological Solutions Towards a Sustainable Society and Circular Economy

In the Mediterranean catchments, anthropogenic activities during the last few years have increasingly modified the space and affected the environment, especially with the transformation of forest cover to agricultural activities. Assessing land cover degradation is crucial to having the best control and management of environmental issues. The studied part is situated in the Oum Err Bia basin, which is a part of the Atlas Mountains, characterized by high altitudes upstream and belonging to the Tadla plain in the downstream part. Besides, these characteristics make the studied area vulnerable to environmental issues due to human activity. This article aims to explore LULCC and its environmental impact by investigating it between 1987 and 2021, adopting remote sensing and geographical information systems. Landsat 7–8 TM images with the NDVI index have been used. As a result, the forest and shrubland cover have increased by about 15.59 and 19.21% from 1987 to 2021, respectively, whereas agricultural, residential, and water areas have increased (54.25%, 0.49%, and 0.27%, respectively, during 2022). The present study has shown that the application of the NDVI index and the use of geographic information system (GIS) software and teledetection sensors are credible approaches to studying and predicting the development of LULC.

Many studies in different scientific fields were interested in the environmental status of the Anza-Taghazout maritime sector (Agadir coastline, South of Morocco), but there is still a lack of knowledge and projects about the aquaculture of bivalves, especially Mytilus galloprovincialis. For this reason, this new work comes to show the natural performances of three natural deposits of M. galloprovincialis and the feasibility of establishing a sustainable shellfish culture. Indeed, the improvement of re-establishing of the health state of these coastlines due to the installation of two wastewater treatment plants in Anza-Taghazout costs since 2016 could probably ameliorate the growth performance of bivalve living in this area. Thus, could be beneficial for the installation of mussel farming in the Anza-Taghazout sector. For this, an in-depth study of the biology of M. galloprovincialis was carried out during two successive cycles 2017–2018 with the sampling of 3600 animals. Three biometric parameters, three weight parameters, and gender identification were assessed during this study. In addition, environmental parameters were carried out in situ in marine water. To fulfill these data, remote sensing parameters were investigated using Copernicus satellite data. Results of environmental and nutrient parameters in seawater follow seasonal variations of the studied area. Condition indices results showed a significant increased. In the same sense, biometric parameters increased significantly. The significant improvement in the biological indices of M. galloprovincialis could encourage the installation of mussel farming in the Anza-Taghazout maritime region and thus, contribute to making Moroccan aquaculture a growth driver in the fisheries sector.

Environmental unsustainability is one of the utmost pressing challenges facing the globe today, necessitating the adoption of sustainable practices in our daily lives. In this regard, intelligent devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) have become formidable tools to pursue a greener future. These technologies can connect, monitor, and regulate various devices and systems, enabling us to make informed decisions regarding energy consumption, waste management, and other environmental factors. By leveraging the potential of IoT and smart devices, we can facilitate the creation of a more sustainable world that is both ecologically sound and economically viable. The rapid emergence and evolution of sustainable development and smart cities (SCs) have become globally accepted forms of urbanization. This chapter offers an inclusive overview and conceptualization of SCs. Appreciating the latest technological advancements, the development of SCs has become possible with added benefits to the public, such as enhanced connectivity, intelligent decision-making, and improved natural and renewable resource organization. However, the increasing acceptance of SCs has produced various security and privacy problems, including data security, authentication, and unauthorized access. This chapter further aims to offer an inclusive survey of the core concepts and development of SCs’ application requirements, privacy, and security issues, as well as explore various applications of this technology. Finally, it concludes by emphasizing the importance of being aware of privacy and security concerns.

Many countries have experienced serious environmental and ecological disasters in recent times. The most important of these is the water crisis, which will have catastrophic effects on the inhabitants of these countries. To alleviate water shortages, nations around the world are implementing a series of policies and practices. Among these solutions we find Seawater desalination that is an increasingly important remedy for the freshwater deficit, reverse osmosis and solar stills are the technologies most widely used. This study will focus on solar still known for their simple and less expensive design despite the low efficiency. We will investigates solar distillation's potential as an environmentally friendly way to desalinate seawater in dry areas and we will discusses the principles of solar distillation, the various types of solar stills, and the factors that affect the performance of solar stills. Finally, we will presents case studies of solar distillation projects implemented in arid regions around the world.

The biogas production system is a technological process designed to convert organic matter into biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, through an anaerobic digestion. This paper addresses the biogas production system and presents an innovative modeling approach that integrates biomass characteristics, statistical methods, biodegradation processes, and reactor models for anaerobic digestion contributing to more sustainable and renewable energy solutions. The study aims to improve the efficiency of biogas production systems. The methodology includes a detailed analysis of biomass characteristics, the application of statistical tools to predict and enhance biogas yields, and the development of advanced models for anaerobic digestion reactors. This project holds significant potential for the development of more efficient and environmentally sustainable biogas production systems. By optimizing the biodegradation processes and reactor designs, the research seeks to contribute to the broader goals of energy sustainability and environmental protection. The outcomes of this research are expected to have substantial implications for the renewable energy sector, offering insights and tools for biogas production to Moroccan waste.

Remote Sensing is a constantly evolving field, and contain an enormous potential for analyzing satellite images. Although, in order to deal with many geoscience phenomena such as Land Use prediction, it requires opening up to new technologies for data analysis and knowledge discovery. We worked in this paper on the development of a rigorous Artificial Neural Network model, applied to our Data Set elaborated especially to our project, and composed of three indices: Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Normalized difference water index (NDWI) and Dry built-up index (DBI). The goal is the support of decision-makers and managers, in order to decide on useful investments for the region.

The imperative for digital transformation in water services has become undeniable. Even for public services with limited budgets, the opportunity to create value through digitalization remains a reality. This chapter explores in detail the essential steps to develop an online hydraulic model of the water distribution system, with the objective of improving operational efficiency and overall network management. The process begins with the development of an offline hydraulic model, based on existing data. This involves converting an Autocad.dxf file to a model compatible with the EPANET.inp format. Extensive field checks are then undertaken to complement the network information, with the potential use of a drone to generate a digital elevation model and update hydraulic data. The estimation of user consumption is based on the analysis of historical billing data. All this information is gradually transferred to a dedicated online modeling platform. It is imperative to calibrate the model in order to guarantee its adequacy with the reality of the water distribution system. In summary, this comprehensive process provides a holistic approach to setting up an online hydraulic model, ensuring better understanding and management of the hydraulic network.

The firing process, known for its substantial energy demands, holds a pivotal role in shaping the production cost of clay bricks, a widely employed conventional construction material on a global scale. The physical attributes of fired clay bricks, encompassing porosity, shrinkage, density, loss on ignition, and thermal conductivity, stand as pivotal factors influencing their performance and longevity. This study delves into the nuanced exploration of the impact of firing temperature on the physical properties of clay bricks derived from four distinct clay types. The selection of these clay types is rooted in their diverse mineral compositions, poised to influence their respective physical characteristics. Through manual formation and subsequent firing at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1050 °C in 100 °C increments, the study meticulously evaluates the effects of firing temperature on key properties such as loss on ignition, shrinkage, and thermal conductivity. The findings underscore the inherent variability in the physical characteristics of each clay type, substantiating their influence on the behavior of the resulting burnt bricks.

The term “nanoparticles” (example: silver, copper) suggests a “Nano” particle with a size range of 1–100 nm. These particles can be categorized into many classes according to their characteristics, sizes, or shapes. Metal nanoparticles can be synthesized using a variety of techniques, including chemical, electrochemical, and radiation approaches. Nevertheless, chemical processes frequently yield hazardous compounds that could have unfavorable side effects in medicinal applications. Since green chemistry can reduce or eliminate the usage of dangerous materials, it is thought to be a superior option. Due to their affordability and environmental friendliness, aqueous extracts of medicinal plants are currently being used to synthesize nanomaterials. In the current work, we synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles from the seeds of the Moroccan medicinal plant Rosa canina, and we measured their antioxidant and antibacterial properties against three strains of bacteria at varying concentrations. Based on TEM, zeta sizer, UV, and FTIR studies, the resulting nanoparticles are spherical in shape and a 50 nm of size. The larger concentration of silver nanoparticles (10 mM) demonstrated a noteworthy antibacterial action, according to the results. Indeed, a potent antimicrobial effect was reported against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. After copper nanoparticles, the activity of the silver nanoparticles was on par with or greater than that of the conventional antibiotics. These results suggest that silver nanoparticles synthesis using Rosa canina aqueous extract can be used as an effective growth inhibitor of various microorganisms, making them applicable to diverse medical devices and antimicrobial control systems.

The aim of our research is to mobilize a new system for managing and reusing rainwater, using alternative techniques to help save water and secure the supply of drinking water, without wasting it. To this end, our study focused on rainwater collection, storage, treatment and distribution to the various users, in compliance with current standards for reuse, based on these alternative techniques and using EPA SWMM5 modeling software. A case study was carried out on Zone 1 of the Settat university campus, covering an area of 6.56 Ha, with an intense rainfall of 42 mm/h for 30 min and an average annual rainfall of 372 mm/year. The result obtained is very significant, with a yield of up to 90%: i.e. rainwater collection of 334. 8 L/m2/year, i.e. 21 963 m3/year, stored at rainfall in tanks with a total capacity of 1 336.20 m3, to be reused for flushing toilets, irrigating gardens and green spaces around the study site, thus saving on drinking water consumption, a significant gain and also savings on investment and on the operation of on-site and off-site rainwater works. In conclusion, within a limited surface area, the use of alternative techniques for managing and reusing rainwater leads to a saving of over 50% in drinking water, and it is hoped that this will provide solutions that will enable man, farmland and industry alike to alleviate water stress, cope with the shortage and scarcity of water resources, secure and save drinking water and combat wastage in the future.

Wastewater from the textile industry is hazardous effluents containing complicated elements that, in the absence of appropriate treatment, have a detrimental influence on the environment; causing harmful effects on the aquatic ecosystems, as well as human health. In recent decades, a wide range of cleaning and recovery methods—from chemical to physical separation—have been used. When compared to alternative techniques, adsorption is said to be a very effective technology for eliminating impurities from wastewater containing textile wastewater. In this study, we are interested in the treatment of industrial dyes by recycled waste from an industry in Morocco. First, the material was characterized by several methods, namely Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction.The results show that the material is very rich in hydroxide and carbon chains, with variable and heterogeneous shapes. The textile waste exploited in this work gives promising cationic dye removal results, with a percentage of discoloration that can reach 98% in our experimental conditions and can replace expensive industrial adsorbents as well as natural materials and plants exploited in the adsorption of pollutants.

Solar photovoltaic energy is the most widely used renewable energy. It consists of the direct conversion of electromagnetic radiation (solar or otherwise) into electricity. The efficiency of these solar collectors is strongly influenced by external parameters such as dust and bird droppings, as well as by climatic conditions such as temperature, wind speed, rain, ice and snow. In this chapter, the influence of dust on the performance of photovoltaic panels has been studied and an intelligent system based on the Internet of Things has been developed. The role of this system is to detect the dust deposited on the panel and to give instructions to the cleaning system to operate. the experimental study showed that thanks to the smart cleaning system we were able to gain 3.2% of production.

Polyethylene (PE) pipes are widely used in drinking water distribution networks around the world. In-depth research into the ageing of PE pipes is imperative to ensure their successful use. The study of the ageing of these products is based on the analysis of the kinetics and mechanisms of failure during prolonged exposure to external factors. Understanding polymer degradation mechanisms is crucial for developing stabilisation strategies and predicting lifetimes based on accelerated artificial ageing tests. The aim of this article is to detail the methodology used to predict the service life of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. Reliable predictions of the service life of underground HDPE pipes must be based on a thorough understanding of the failure mechanisms and on more reliable extrapolation procedures, allowing the transition from relatively short-term test data to long-term service environments.

Conventional pesticides are chemical formulations used against pests to enhance agricultural yields. Despite their benefits, conventional pesticides pose several health hazards to non-target organisms. Moreover due to their short half-life, they are also used in large amounts, increasing the risk of environmental contamination. Hence development of novel approaches are required to protect plants with minimal detrimental impact on the environment and non-targets. Nanopesticides (NPs) are emerging technologies in the field of agriculture and present some advantage over conventional pesticides. They offer durability, stability, and increased efficacy. In addition, NPs also reduce the amount of active ingredients that are generally used in traditional farming. Several types of NPs have been synthesized. These include nanopolymers, nanoemulsions, and nanospheres constituted by diverse materials. Nanoinsecticides, nanoherbicides, and nanofertilizers possess increased efficacy compared to that of conventional pesticides. Though the NPs are highly effective, concerns regarding their toxicity exist and demand further studies. Therefore ecotoxicology, exposure assessment, and the environmental fate of these NPs are required to be addressed in the near future.

Morocco, like many developing countries, is facing a major challenge in terms of water resource management and the fight against floods and drought. Nowadays, the scarcity of fresh water will experience significant intensification and geographical expansion in the near future. In this regard, Morocco is obliged to adapt to this new structural variable. To achieve this, it is necessary to go through an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) process, while adopting Nexus approaches aimed at ensuring water, energy, and food security in order to establish integrative solutions capable of maximizing synergies between the three “Water-Energy-Food” approaches and minimizing compromises, while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts, including water resources, at temporal and spatial scales. The objective of this document is to provide an overview of integrated water resources management and to analyze how Nexus WEF approaches have actually been implemented to support sustainable water resource management. Based on PRISMA guidelines, 93 articles were selected. The results have shown that the WEF Nexus is indeed highly relevant in reducing pressures on the environment and water resources through integrated management and governance, consequently enhancing the efficiency of resource utilization.

Significant quantities of plastic are manufactured annually, yet only 10% of it is recycled globally. This research investigates different approaches for valorizing and recycling plastic waste into aerogel blankets, with the goal of providing thermal insulation for building envelopes. The building industry is confronted with issues such as excessive energy use and significant greenhouse gas emissions. The aerogel blanket emerges as the most energy-efficient material capable of addressing these concerns, allowing for ecologically acceptable building practices with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The study highlights current advances in raw materials and manufacturing procedures used to create aerogel blankets, focusing on their excellent thermal and mechanical performance. Furthermore, this study reveals research gaps in the field, providing insights into areas that could be investigated further in future research attempts.

Like other regions of Morocco, southern Morocco is presently subject to severe drought, desertification and socio-economic stress. Studies on climate change, landscape and vegetation have mainly focused on north of the country. In contrast, climatic and environmental history in the south of the country is largely unknown. In this study, we have chosen the characterization of southern Morocco based on geochemical parameters (trace and major elements). Marine and continental samples are collected along the south of Morocco (~31°N and 29°N). The concentrations of chemical elements are obtained by XRF (X-ray fluorescence scanning) with the aim of defining the effects of climate change and rainfall on the local environment and natural resources. The integration of the different results has allowed us to reconstruct climate, ocean and environmental changes. That has enabled us to provide data for land–ocean correlations.

Due to changing lifestyle and population growth, the demand for energy is increasing at an unprecedented rate, leading to an increase of greenhouse gas emissions caused by conventional energies. Renewable energies, more particularly photovoltaic energy have been frequently used following the strategy proposed by the Moroccan government. Certainly, this technology is considered an environmental solution but its suitability in the field still poses performance challenges. This is where the use of remote sensing and GIS tools makes it possible to select the optimal area, monitor the installed photovoltaic panels, and evaluate their performances. This study aims to evaluate the performance of photovoltaic generators using digital imaging. In fact, there is a possibility of improving precision of identifying PV generators by switching from satellite images to have digital information that can evaluate performances according to importance of sensing the thermal behavior and reflectance from panel to panel. Remote sensing is used for evaluating the presence, absence and performance of photovoltaic panels. It can collect data on photovoltaic system using satellite images to rightly choose location and orientation for photovoltaic panels and evaluate their general state. This is done by controlling solar irradiation, monitoring panel temperature, detecting module fouling, managing vegetation and monitoring water levels. However, satellite images cannot be used to precisely take images as done by drone thermal imaging offering greater flexibility and higher spatial resolution from different angles of close distance. In fact, evaluation of photovoltaic panels’ performance using drone imagery enables individual panel dysfunctions to be detected, making it simple to resolve these problems in a real time and helping to guarantee system sustainability by minimizing cost and time charges involved for PV systems maintenance.

Agricultural irrigation, which accounts for almost 90% of the world's water consumption, is essential to water resource management, especially in the face of climate change. Predicting future demand for irrigation water is imperative for water security. A thorough understanding of these dynamics is needed to guide effective water management strategies. The emergence of precision farming tools marks a fundamental change in farmers’ decision-making. Satellite remote sensing can be used to monitor crop water conditions on a large scale, offering a long-term perspective, enabling agricultural authorities to create customized irrigation programs in response to regional climatic trends. However, the figures reveal alarming problems, such as pressure on water tables, pollution of agricultural waters, increasing use of wastewater, and the proliferation of water-hungry crops. Remote sensing, combined with numerical data, offers a proactive approach to solving these challenges, enabling continuous monitoring of water resources, identifying sources of pollution, and adjusting irrigation practices to minimize water wastage. This approach is emerging as a more sustainable solution in the complex context of climate change.

This study presents a detailed geographical survey of the course of the Elbe River that flows through Hamburg using remote sensing and satellite imagery, with the objective of analyzing the hydrological features and terrain of the region. Using multispectral satellite imagery and machine learning techniques, land cover classification and surface water extent maps are generated, which can be used for hydrological modeling and urban demography/infrastructure profiling. This work highlights the importance of remote sensing and satellite imagery in hydrological studies and water resource management. The data generated by these techniques can be used to make informed decisions on the management of water resources and the environment. In general, this study contributes to the field of surface-type classification and demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing and satellite imagery in the generation of high-resolution environmental surveillance data.

The exponential growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal force reshaping the global landscape. This chapter critically examines the far-reaching implications of AI across diverse realms, encompassing daily societal interactions, environmental sustainability, economic dynamics, and cybersecurity paradigms. Beginning with an exploration of AI’s pervasive influence on individual lives, the narrative seamlessly transitions to the macroscopic impact on society. The discourse unfolds with an in-depth analysis of AI’s role in shaping smart cities, elucidating how intelligent systems optimize urban services, infrastructure, and overall quality of life. Subsequently, the examination extends to AI’s instrumental role in fostering a sustainable environment, ranging from resource management to the mitigation of environmental threats. A meticulous investigation into the economic ramifications of AI follows, unraveling its effects on employment structures, workforce dynamics, and broader economic landscapes. Concurrently, the chapter scrutinizes AI’s role as a stalwart in fortifying cybersecurity measures, highlighting its pivotal role in safeguarding digital ecosystems against evolving threats. In prognosticating the future of AI, the chapter navigates through potential advancements, ethical considerations, and the societal implications of an increasingly AI-driven world. Drawing on a comprehensive array of scholarly references, this chapter aims to provide a nuanced and insightful perspective on the global impact of Artificial Intelligence, ultimately contributing to the ongoing discourse surrounding our collective future in an era dominated by intelligent machines.

Ready-to-eat food has been growing daily, mainly due to changing consumer habits demanding more convenience foods. However, they pose a health problem because of their microbial and physical–chemical instability during storage. This work aims to identify the conservative effect of essential oils. For this study, eight essential oils were selected and applied to turkey meat purchased from a local poultry seller. The essential oils are applied in the form of Moroccan marinade, sprayed alone, and in atmospheric application. The microbiological analyses are performed to investigate the impact of the concentration effect to assess the preservative effect. The results of microbiological analysis on turkey meat preserved in the presence of essential oils in marinade show a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the number of bacteria counted compared to the control until the last day of storage. In the case of the essential oil in atmospheric application, the number of bacteria is higher than that in the sprayed samples. In fact, in the control, the average load increases with the storage time. These results suggest a favorable outcome in consumer health safety. The application of those essential oils in maintaining the safety of meat stored at refrigeration temperature will be interesting.

The Human Resources sector faces a formidable challenge in identifying candidates who can seamlessly integrate into diverse organizational settings and contribute to overall success. The repercussions of suboptimal recruitment practices are profound, casting a shadow over an organization’s trajectory and development. Soft skills, encompassing personality traits and behaviors, are crucial attributes recruiters seek to ensure optimal performance and job success among candidates. This paper advocates for a groundbreaking predictive hiring model tailored specifically for the Data Analyst role within human resources. This innovative model is a strategic tool for recruiters, empowering them to discern and select the most suitable candidates while steering clear of detrimental recruitment decisions. The model’s execution hinges on leveraging a sophisticated machine learning algorithm, the Support Vector Machine algorithm, employing various functions to discern the most effective implementation. This research endeavors to revolutionize the hiring landscape, offering a reliable framework to elevate the precision and efficacy of candidate selection for organizations needing skilled Data Analysts.

This study aims to assess the impact of incorporating argan nut shells into compressed earth blocks (CEB) with the objectives of leveraging local resources, minimizing construction expenses, and addressing housing shortages. To investigate the thermal behavior of compacted earth blocks reinforced with argan nut shells, considering multiple parameters such as aggregate quantity, size, and shape (powder/fibers), a range of samples were stabilized with varied proportions of argan nut shell powder and fibers, spanning from 5 to 30%. The thermal properties of the composite materials underwent experimental measurement using a thermal conductivity device (CT-meter) in dry conditions at a room temperature of 20 °C. The results indicated a substantial decline in thermo-physical properties in bricks with 30% argan powder incorporation compared to those stabilized with argan fibers. Notably, there was a significant reduction of 56.5% in thermal conductivity, 47.41% in thermal diffusivity, and 40% in thermal effusivity. These findings highlight the potential of integrating argan nut shells into CEB to enhance thermal insulation properties. This approach shows promise for sustainable construction practices, tapping into local resources and potentially reducing overall building costs.

In Morocco, as a result of the coagulation flocculation process used for drinking water treatment, large quantities of sludge are produced each year. The goal of this work is to characterize the sludge produced at the Khemiss Zemamra DWTP in El Jadida City, Morocco, and evaluate its thermal behavior. This involves the chemical, mineralogical, structural, and microstructural characterization of the raw sludge and the study of the effect of thermal treatment on these characteristics. This was accomplished by using XRF, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis techniques. The chemical composition of the raw sludge identified by XRF is in good agreement with XRD and SEM analysis, which revealed that the main mineral phases in the XRD pattern are Quartz, Muscovite, Calcite, Nacrite, and showed that the raw sludge has a badly defined morphology imprisoning Calcite aggregates, Quartz grains, and Muscovite platelets. The thermal behavior of the sludge is observed between 200 and 1000 °C. The sludge phase transitions are significantly influenced by calcination, a temperature of 700 °C is sufficient to improve the overall dehydroxylation of Nacrite and its transformation to an amorphous reactive phase, but it is not enough to completely disintegrate Muscovite.

This research has examined how the rotational speed affects the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the compound copper iron cobalt tin sulfide Cu2Fe0.5Co0.5SnS4 (CFCTS). CFCTS thin films were applied to a glass substrate using the straightforward spin coating method, with varying rotational speeds, and without the need for a sulfurization step. The result of X-ray diffraction revealed the tetragonal phase with preferential orientation as (112). The morphological surface become homogenous and dense with increase of rotational speed. The elementary analysis determined the presence of the important element Cu, Fe, Co, Sn, S, so stoichiometry of CFCTS thin films improved with increased of rotational speed. The direct band gap of the CFCTS thin films was demonstrated by the optical result. The increase in rotational speed from 2500 to 4000 rpm resulted in a reduction of the optical band gap in CFCTS thin films, attributed to the quantum confinement effect, decreasing from 1.38 to 1.05 eV. These results confirm that it is possible to use this CFCTS material as potential absorber in solar cells in order to generate renewable energy. Also, a very high conversion efficiency can be achieved under the ideal synthesis conditions for this material.

The agricultural sector faces economic and environmental challenges in water management in arid or semi-arid regions. Photovoltaic solar energy is a suitable solution for pumping water in such regions, where shallow groundwater is available and the sun's intensity is high. Photovoltaic pumping potentially reduces reliance on conventional energy sources for carbon footprint and high cost-effectiveness. Use of photovoltaic pumping solutions can enhance crop productivity and contribute, to increased irrigated farming profitability in dry land. The present manuscript aims to give an economic evaluation of three different pumping systems based on photovoltaic, diesel, and butane energy sources to compare the pumping cost for water using photovoltaic and fossil energies as common practices by farmers. Based on 17 kW pumping installation, results showed that the PV pumping presents the adequate friendly solution by releasing only 2.1tCO2 per year compared to the thermal pumping relase of 29.3 tCO2/year. The cost of pumping water for both solutions is around, 0.5 and 2 MAD/m3, respectively (1MAD = 0.1 UD$).

The rapid increase in water requirements, due to population growth and climate change, is driving the exploitation of unconventional water resources such as seawater desalination. Although desalination offers a valuable alternative to meet water demand, it presents challenges particularly in terms of high costs, energy consumption and environmental impact. Therefore, the integration of renewable energies in this process represents a significant step forward in meeting the growing needs for drinking water in a sustainable way. The use of sources such as solar, wind and other renewable forms in desalination facilities offers crucial opportunities to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the carbon footprint associated with this process. This paves the way for a more environmentally friendly, efficient and economically viable approach to drinking water production, highlighting a promising potential to meet global water challenges.

The assessment of air pollution in urban areas utilizes satellite atmospheric dispersion models to gain an understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of fine particulate matter concentrations. The primary objective is to analyze how pollutants disperse in different Moroccan cities, with a focus on fine particles emitted from various urban sources such as PM10 (particles with a diameter less than 10 µm) and PM2.5 (particles with a diameter less than 2.5 µm), sulfates, black carbon, and nitrates. Through loc Evaluation and MODELING OF AIR POLLUTION in the city of Casablanca, Moroccan modeling, we can study how these pollutants spread, providing a detailed insight into their concentrations in the urban environment. A crucial aspect of this study involves exploring the impact of air pollution on human health. By examining the links between atmospheric pollutant concentrations and health issues in heavily polluted urban areas, our research aims to identify potential risks to the population. This approach combines advanced models with epidemiological data to better understand the connection between urban air quality and public health. The results obtained through this research will contribute to enhancing our understanding of pollution sources in urban environments, facilitating the optimization of air quality management policies.

The principal source of domestic water, agricultural, and industrial uses is freshwater, which serves as the basis for a wide range of human needs and activities. Realizing sustainability, as outlined in the goals of sustainable development, demands an integration of the circular economy principles. This is especially crucial in the context of water, a resource with numerous recyclable applications. Water resources have become exhaustible as well as variable in space and also in time, which requires management to ensure an acceptable standard of living for the population. While production is also part of the ongoing importance of wastewater must be considered for recovery and reuse. Agriculture is considered the sector that consumes the most water, which encourages wastewater reuse in agriculture. Irrigation with treated wastewater has positive effects on the soil’s richness in fertilizing elements. In addition, resources such as phosphorus, for sustainable and restorative agriculture, potassium, and carbon are often critical limiting factors, that can be addressed through the use of recycled materials derived from microalgae. This encourages farmers to move towards irrigation either through groundwater or through the informal reuse of treated wastewater. This work aims to evaluate environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies such as those that use microalgae for modern and sustainable agriculture.

Unprecedented risks and challenges are being faced by our global community, and they are directly related to the way we now evaluate and utilize our resources. It is essential to examine the current linkages between these components in order to offer long-term solutions to current issues. The three essential elements discussed in this chapter—water, energy, and food—form a nexus on which certain external factors have an impact. The globalisation of agriculture and the ongoing expansion of the food market, which causes a significant virtual flow of water across countries and is crucial to and water security in some places, have further complicated the relationship between food and water. Despite the obvious conflicts underlying the increasing requirement for energy and food on this current global scale, the integral interdependence of water, food, and energy nexus management can provide a prospect for mutually supportive policies to provide durable energy, food, and water in the future for a sustainable economy. Consequently, in order to ensure global security, the world must prioritize the management of the universe’s most usable three components nexus.

In Morocco, the process of soil salinisation affects significant areas of the agricultural regions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the substrate influence on the morpho-physiological response of Origanum (Origanum majorana L.) under salt stress (NaCl). To establish a classification of salt stress tolerance thresholds, which is an essential criterion for selecting species to include in a development program for areas impacted by salinity. Oregano was planted in plastic pots measuring 9 cm in diameter and 11 cm in height. Arenosols, sea sand, and vertisols were the substrates utilized in this study. The plants in the pots were watered with 40 ml of sodium chloride solution every 3 days, at concentrations of 6, 9, and 12 g.l−1, along with a control group that did not receive any salt. The parameters that were measured in this study included the length of the plant's aboveground and belowground parts, the root volume, as well as the water content (WC) and soluble sugar content (SS). Each treatment was replicated 10 times. Another experiment was carried out to explore the drainage percentage impact on plant growth. The study involved using pots filled with sea sand and placing them in a vegetable garden with plastic film underneath to restrict drainage. According to the results, the saline treatments had a more significant impact (P = 0.002) on root morphological parameters compared to aerial morphological parameters. Plant cuttings grown in Vertisols showed a slight reduction in growth compared to those planted in arenosols. This is attributed to the effect of salt on the physiological characteristics of the plants, which led to a considerable decline in their water content (P = 0.017). Moreover, there was a significant rise (P = 0.001) in soluble sugar content. These parameters become more pronounced with higher salt concentrations and longer treatment durations. When comparing the three substrates, it can be inferred that under salt stress, arenosol presents optimal characteristics for oregano germination. The depressive effect of salt stress is observed above 6 g.l−1.

The advancement of renewable energy technologies stands critical in achieving carbon neutrality. Hydrogen, as a stable and transportable resource, holds promise for optimizing power utilization on a large scale. However, harnessing green hydrogen through water electrolysis methods directly driven by naturally intermittent fluctuating power requires a nuanced understanding. Such processes significantly differ from industrial electrolysis reliant on consistent grid power. Addressing the challenges associated with direct utilization of fluctuating power becomes imperative. This chapter critically examines fluctuating power's characteristics, generation dynamics, operational prerequisites, electrolyzer configuration, system demands, stack/catalyst durability, and degradation mechanisms. Additionally, it proposes an accelerated degradation test protocol method to ensure fair catalyst performance evaluation and shares effective design approaches.

Groundwater resources are a source for irrigation and human consumption, this work in the context of the determination their quality at the level of the Angads plain which is in the eastern part of the Taourirt-Oujda corridor in Morocco, on a set of nineteen sampling points and nineteen bacteriological and physicochemical parameters. The results of this study show that the TC, FC, and FS parameters largely exceed the standards of the World Health Organization, as well as the Moroccan standards for irrigation and human consumption. In particular at the level of the points located downstream of the station for the purification of polluted water (wastewater treatment plant) and downstream and in the vicinity of the landfill located in Oujda. Thus some physico-chemical parameters, namely NO3−, EC, Cl−, Fe2+, Mn2+, and HCO3−, which exceed these standards, have been found in wells located near the landfill and others downstream from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Faced with these constraints, it is necessary to find adequate solutions to protect this resource against pollution and among the recommendations proposed are the supervision of the use of fertilizers, reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture and purify polluted water before discharge.

Greenhouses are structures designed to use the greenhouse effect to control climatic conditions for plants. They effectively regulate temperature, humidity and light, improving yields and accelerating plant growth. Technological advances also make it possible to introduce artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things for optimal control of the internal climatic conditions of the greenhouse and to use renewable energy sources to power greenhouses and to put in place practices sustainable integrated pest management.

The scarcity of water resources is exacerbated by climate change, and the strong pressure of water-intensive economic and agricultural activities, which leads to a decrease in these precious reserves and forces the search for alternative solutions and as solar distillation presents the solution the most promising. In this research, we suggest doing an experimental investigation of an inclined solar still with a zinc absorber. The results obtained highlight the influence of certain parameters, including the absorber, water, glazing, and air temperatures., as well as the solar radiation on the daily production which is valid for this type of distiller 3L per day.

In a context of expanding economies, the plant production sector in Switzerland is seeking to remain competitive. For many years, colza oil, a source of fats for consumption by the human population recognized as nutritionally valuable, had suffered from a severe loss of public image. It needed to be revitalized to become what it deserves to be in a sound nutrition environment: high quality oil for consumption by human populations. The test was performed on a new oil seed product, directly contributed to by agricultural science: oilseed rape. This assessment demonstrated the advantages of the approach, as well as a number of problems linked to it. Assessing effects and impact requires accurate targeting of the recipients of an improvement and an appreciation of their behavior. The tool could be used to provide an integrated view of the total innovation portfolios being developed by the research enterprise and, eventually, be used to devise effective strategies to increase their adoption rate and, by definition, the research efficiency of the organization.

Actually, water is an important resource in different domains namely farming, healthcare and tourism, as well as in industry. Every living being is depending on adequate amounts of good quality water for its survival and development. The global water system is driven by both evaporation and transpiration, as well as condensation, rainfall and runoff, and typically reaches the ocean. Predicting water quality based on different parameters is essential for the design, decision making and management of this resource. Over the past two decades, water quality modeling has enjoyed considerable growth through the implementation of machine learning techniques. This review examines the various supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and ensemble machine learning models implemented for the prediction of groundwater quality parameters. Furthermore, this study listed some water domains where machine learning is used to predict and monitor water quality.

This study addresses the growing issues caused by the world's unprecedently high rate of population growth and changing consumption habits, that have led to a significant rise in waste produced. The world is expected to generate 3.4 billion tons of waste yearly by the year 2050, thus underlines the critical need for efficient waste management strategies. In order to reduce pollution parameters, the research presents a variety of leachate treatment strategies, including as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and biological basin. While the research highlights the critical relevance of sustainable leachate management, it also downplays the need to minimize volumes and provide suitable treatment prior to discharging into the environment. A promising approach to biogas recovery is presented through forced evaporation of leachates, using the heat released during biogas combustion to generate thermal energy. Conducted during winter to compensate for the limited natural evaporation of leachate compared to summer, the study reveals a significant increase in leachate temperature compared to ambient conditions. This results in an average evaporation rate of 30%, addressing the challenge of voluminous leachate, particularly prevalent in African countries with wetter household waste, exemplified by the municipality of Meknes in Morocco. Physico-chemical analyses were conducted to assess the changes induced by the evaporation process, revealing adjustments in conductivity, pH, and an increase in NH4+ concentration in the leachates. This innovative approach holds promise for the sustainable using of resources, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the renewable energy recovery, thereby contributing to the transition towards a green economy.

Soil spectroscopy that combines spectroscopic analysis and machine learning tools is an important tool for analyzing soil properties and has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to provide rapid and non-destructive assessment of soil properties. This book chapter provides an overview of the applications of soil spectroscopy in agriculture and environmental management. It describes the different types of spectroscopic techniques used for soil analysis, including Vis–NIR, MIR, Raman spectroscopy and LIBS. The chapter discusses the challenges associated with soil spectroscopy, such as the need for accurate and representative soil sampling, and the need for calibration models to be developed and validated using robust statistical methods. It also highlights the potential of machine learning algorithms for the development of predictive models. This chapter provides case studies on the use of soil spectroscopy for assessing soil health, nutrient status, and soil contaminants. It also discusses the use of soil spectroscopy in precision agriculture, where it can be used to identify spatial variability in soil properties and guide site-specific nutrient management.

The development and management of vital resources such as groundwater are crucial for ensuring sustainable access to clean water. This study analyzed the mineralogy and hydrogeochemistry of the Angads aquifer, located in northeastern Morocco, in order to understand the processes responsible for its mineralization. Thus, a multivariate statistical analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on all groundwater samples collected from this aquifer. The results of the study showed that the mineralization of the water is influenced by the geological formations it passes through and the time spent in the aquifer. This is evidenced by the presence of ions such as HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Cond. To ensure the sustainable management of groundwater in the region, measures need to be taken to control the use of fertilizers, reduce the use of pesticides, and implement purification methods. This is important to protect the quality of groundwater and to ensure that it remains a reliable source of clean water for the local population.

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) are commonly adopted as a technological solution to combat global warming. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the main storage component of EVs due to their multiple properties, including high energy density and long cycle life and low self-discharge. Real-time monitoring of the status of LIBs, especially regarding SOC and health (SOH), is crucial to maintaining the health of LIBs and improving their capabilities. Additionally, creating accurate models of SOC and SOH is essential to accurately assess the condition of lithium batteries. This article studies and discusses the latest technologies associated with accurate estimation of SOC and SOH, based on recently published research over the last four years, with emphasis on their advantages and limitations.

Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) is widely employed in both atmospheric chemistry and physic studies, it’s used to simulate and accelerate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), that constituted the major fraction of PM2.5. The SOA is formed by complex gas-phase and heterogeneous oxidation reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources and atmospheric oxidants like ozone O3 and OH radicals. OFR simulates atmospheric environment processes such as photochemistry by exposing VOCs to a combination of oxidizing agents such as nitrate radical NO3, ozone O3, and hydroxyl radicals OH and sometimes using also ultraviolet radiation to simulate pollutants transformation under solar radiation. This promotes the formation of highly oxidized organic molecules with low volatility, which can condense in the particulate (solid) phase contributing to SOA particle formation and growth. The advantage of OFRs facing other tools like environmental chambers is their ability to precisely control reaction parameters such as temperature, humidity, and reactant concentrations, allowing systematic studies of SOA formation under a long range of conditions. In addition, OFRs can be used to study the contributions of different VOC sources to SOA formation and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies aimed at reducing SOA emissions. The results obtained from OFR experiments can be compared with field measurements to improve our understanding of the processes that govern SOA formation in the atmosphere.

In this work we have presented the different stages of the realization and experimentation of a mixed solar dryer developed by the research group of the Solar Energy and Environment Laboratory, as well as the different components that constitute our dryer, and the ways followed to examine its functioning. Through this type of dryer, we can directly exploit the solar radiation to dry wood or bricks and at the same time take advantage of the surplus of radiation converted into heat to indirectly dry food, preserving its nutritional values. This will lead to the development of this type of solar dryer. The experimental study results shows that the subject of tomato lost 92% of their initial mass and especially the subjects placed in the first rack since they undergo at the maximum temperature of drying, so they are favourable to dry faster compared to the other subjects placed in the second rack.

Medicinal plants are essential in providing natural and sustainable treatments. Morocco, rich in biodiversity, is distinguished by an abundance of plants with therapeutic properties. This article explores the floristic richness and pharmacological properties of medicinal plants in the commune of Asjen in the Ouezzane region, Morocco. The study reveals 29 species belonging to 20 families, with particular attention to Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Gentiaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae. Each plant is characterized by its distinct pharmacological properties. Details on chemical composition, medicinal applications and potential implications in various fields are presented. This synthesis contributes to the knowledge of local medicinal biodiversity, paving the way for sustainable applications in the field of health and research.

Similar to other nations in the Middle East and North Africa, Morocco grapples with water scarcity, exacerbated by depleting groundwater reserves resulting from heightened urbanization, population expansion, industrialization, and climate change. To address the water needs of densely populated coastal cities, the prospect of utilizing seawater desalination has been under consideration as a possible solution. By the year 2030, Morocco is working towards a goal of boosting the production of drinking water through desalination to a minimum of 1 billion cubic meters, catering to both consumption and irrigation requirements. The aim of this work is twofold. Firstly, to examine Moroccan experiences in seawater desalination, focusing on the employed technologies and their current operational status. Secondly, to provide an overview of the impacts of desalination activity on the marine environment. Additionally, the latest progress in managing brine for eco-friendly desalination and promoting a robust marine environment.