1 Introduction
2 Experiment
2.1 Raw Materials
Material | Mass fraction (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | SiO2 | Loss | |
PC | 8.87 | 4.27 | 54.11 | 3.08 | 2.21 | 24.35 | 1.94 |
LP | 2.90 | 1.20 | 45.19 | 1.78 | – | 17.23 | 37.85 |
EA | 2.54 | 0.96 | 53.42 | 2.00 | 23.57 | 5.46 | 12.12 |
Specific surface area (m2/kg) | Setting time (min) | Flexural strength (MPa) | Compressive strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial setting | Final setting | 3d | 28d | 3d | 28d | |
350 | 198 | 254 | 6.3 | 9.5 | 34.5 | 55.8 |
Specific surface area (m2/kg) | Setting time (min) | Flexural strength (MPa) | Compressive strength (MPa) | Restricted expansion rate (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial setting | Final setting | 7d | 28d | 7d | 28d | In water 7d | In air 21d | |
290 | 145 | 220 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 36.1 | 51.8 | 0.045 | 0.005 |
Sieve hole size (mm) | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.15 | Bulk density (g cm−3) | Fineness modulus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sieve residuals/% | S1 | 59.38 | 40.02 | 0.60 | – | 1.342 | 3.59 |
S2 | – | 21.28 | 77.11 | 1.61 | 1.353 | 2.20 |
Average particle size (μm) | Apparent density (g cm−3) | Specific surface area (m2/g) | Fineness modulus | Bulk density (g/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
713.22 | 0.93 | 0.0184 | 2.34 | 398.1 |
Bulk density (g/L) | Fineness | Residual moisture | Water reduction rate |
---|---|---|---|
500–700 | ≥ 90% | ≤ 3% | ≥ 25% |
Gas generation capacity (ML g−1) | Average particle size (μm) | Ash content (%) |
---|---|---|
500–700 | 10–12 | ≤ 0.05 |
Bulk density (g/L) | Moisture content (%) | PH |
---|---|---|
300 ± 100 | ≤ 5 | 7 ± 1.0 |
PH | Solid content (%) | Viscosity (MPa S) | Breaking elongation (%) | Density (g cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
7.0 | 60 | 10–55 | 470 | ≥ 1.08 |
Type | Average particle size (μm) | Density (g cm−3) | Solid content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Slow cracking | 2.63 | 0.96 | 58 |
2.2 Experiment Plan
Group | PC | LP | EA | W | S1 | S2 | PCE | F + D | NL | RP | EP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BG | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 264 | 400 | 500 | 2.3 | 1.24 | / | / | / |
E2C0R5 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 264 | 380 | 500 | 2.3 | 1.24 | / | 5.94 | 0.90 |
E2C2R5 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 257.4 | 380 | 500 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 16.5 | 5.94 | 0.90 |
E2C5R5 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 250.8 | 380 | 500 | 4.0 | 1.24 | 33 | 5.94 | 0.90 |
E2C7R5 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 244.2 | 380 | 500 | 4.8 | 1.24 | 49.5 | 5.94 | 0.90 |
E1C2R5 | 660 | 360 | 53.4 | 257.4 | 380 | 500 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 16.5 | 5.94 | 0.90 |
E3C2R5 | 660 | 360 | 100.9 | 257.4 | 380 | 500 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 16.5 | 5.94 | 0.90 |
E2C2R7 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 257.4 | 372 | 500 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 16.5 | 8.34 | 1.26 |
E2C2R10 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 257.4 | 360 | 500 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 16.5 | 11.91 | 1.80 |
E2C2R15 | 660 | 360 | 76.8 | 257.4 | 340 | 500 | 2.8 | 1.24 | 16.5 | 17.87 | 2.70 |
2.3 Experiment Method
2.3.1 Mixing Method
2.3.2 Performance Test Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Working Performance
Group | PCE (g) | Fluidity (mm) | Setting time (min) | Vertical expansion rate (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | After 30 min | Initial setting | Final setting | 3 h | 24 h | Δ24h–3 h | ||
BG | 2.3 | 353 | 322 | 348 | 476 | 0.514 | 0.454 | − 0.06 |
E2C0R5 | 2.3 | 363 | 336 | 369 | 499 | 0.560 | 0.670 | 0.110 |
E2C2R5 | 2.8 | 346 | 355 | 554 | 702 | 0.321 | 0.407 | 0.086 |
E2C5R5 | 4.0 | 348 | 354 | 724 | 974 | 0.060 | 0.061 | 0.001 |
E2C7R5 | 4.8 | 342 | 336 | 813 | 986 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.000 |
E1C2R5 | 2.8 | 350 | 357 | 675 | 873 | 0.312 | 0.359 | 0.047 |
E3C2R5 | 2.8 | 344 | 352 | 518 | 678 | 0.331 | 0.412 | 0.081 |
E2C2R7 | 2.8 | 345 | 354 | 549 | 691 | 0.138 | 0.328 | 0.190 |
E2C2R10 | 2.8 | 346 | 357 | 526 | 675 | 0.166 | 0.268 | 0.102 |
E2C2R15 | 2.8 | 345 | 353 | 508 | 663 | 0.116 | 0.259 | 0.143 |
3.1.1 Fluidity
3.1.2 Setting Time
3.1.3 Vertical Expansion Rate
3.2 Mechanical Properties
3.2.1 Flexural Strength and Compressive Strength
Group | Flexural strength (MPa) | Compressive strength (MPa) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1d | 3d | 7d | 14d | 28d | 1d | 3d | 7d | 14d | 28d | |
BG | 8.4 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 46.7 | 69.6 | 41.5 | 80.3 | 100.3 |
E2C0R5 | 7.8 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 14.2 | 40.1 | 65.6 | 71.2 | 72.0 | 95.2 |
E2C2R5 | 6.4 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 11.5 | 14.1 | 34.1 | 58.2 | 61.9 | 69.5 | 86.6 |
E2C5R5 | 5.5 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 13.3 | 24.3 | 57.3 | 60.2 | 62.3 | 75.9 |
E2C7R5 | 4.3 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 17.7 | 43.3 | 48.8 | 57.5 | 65.9 |
E1C2R5 | 7.3 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 14.8 | 37.6 | 59.8 | 67.0 | 70.8 | 85.5 |
E3C2R5 | 5.4 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 13.9 | 31.6 | 58.3 | 62.1 | 67.0 | 86.8 |
E2C2R7 | 6.3 | 9.7 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 14.5 | 28.4 | 59.5 | 65.4 | 70.1 | 87.7 |
E2C2R10 | 6.2 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 14.6 | 28.2 | 60.0 | 62.3 | 67.3 | 84.5 |
E2C2R15 | 5.4 | 8.7 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 24.6 | 58.6 | 62.4 | 66.1 | 81.0 |
3.2.2 Flexural Strength-to-Compressive Strength Ratio (FCS)
Group | FCS | Bond strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1d | 3d | 7d | 14d | 28d | 3d | 7d | |
BG | 0.180 | 0.167 | 0.158 | 0.147 | 0.127 | 3.13 | 3.51 |
E2C0R5 | 0.195 | 0.162 | 0.159 | 0.169 | 0.149 | 3.66 | 3.87 |
E2C2R5 | 0.189 | 0.176 | 0.178 | 0.166 | 0.163 | 3.12 | 3.43 |
E2C5R5 | 0.225 | 0.183 | 0.185 | 0.191 | 0.175 | 3.71 | 4.27 |
E2C7R5 | 0.244 | 0.193 | 0.223 | 0.202 | 0.180 | 3.65 | 4.16 |
E1C2R5 | 0.193 | 0.173 | 0.184 | 0.175 | 0.172 | 2.4 | 2.56 |
E3C2R5 | 0.171 | 0.167 | 0.171 | 0.161 | 0.161 | 3.37 | 3.86 |
E2C2R7 | 0.194 | 0.163 | 0.165 | 0.166 | 0.166 | 4.13 | 5.18 |
E2C2R10 | 0.220 | 0.172 | 0.178 | 0.180 | 0.173 | 4.89 | 5.24 |
E2C2R15 | 0.221 | 0.148 | 0.175 | 0.169 | 0.140 | 3.74 | 4.83 |
3.2.3 Bond Strength
3.3 Expansion or Shrinkage Properties
3.3.1 Free Expansion Rate
Group | Free expansion rate (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 42d | 60d | 120d | |
BG | 0.0229 | 0.0569 | 0.1391 | 0.1029 | 0.076 | 0.0531 | 0.0317 | − 0.0117 |
E2C0R5 | 0.0324 | 0.0651 | 0.1413 | 0.1096 | 0.0847 | 0.0642 | 0.043 | − 0.0041 |
E2C2R5 | 0.0237 | 0.0721 | 0.1377 | 0.0998 | 0.0771 | 0.052 | 0.036 | − 0.0022 |
E2C5R5 | 0.0233 | 0.1193 | 0.1629 | 0.1148 | 0.0921 | 0.0698 | 0.049 | 0.0079 |
E2C7R5 | 0.0367 | 0.1333 | 0.165 | 0.1141 | 0.0881 | 0.0598 | 0.0404 | − 0.0052 |
E1C2R5 | 0.0129 | 0.0547 | 0.1199 | 0.0825 | 0.0624 | 0.0304 | 0.017 | − 0.0112 |
E3C2R5 | 0.0393 | 0.0804 | 0.1449 | 0.1159 | 0.099 | 0.067 | 0.048 | 0.0040 |
E2C2R7 | 0.0271 | 0.0775 | 0.1388 | 0.1001 | 0.0814 | 0.054 | 0.037 | 0.0003 |
E2C2R10 | 0.0419 | 0.1105 | 0.1855 | 0.1245 | 0.1121 | 0.0938 | 0.07 | 0.0229 |
E2C2R15 | 0.0395 | 0.105 | 0.1852 | 0.1221 | 0.1105 | 0.0919 | 0.068 | 0.0229 |
3.3.2 Restricted Expansion Rate
Group | Restricted expansion rate (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 42d | 60d | 120d | |
BG | 0.0057 | 0.0397 | 0.0692 | 0.0496 | 0.0303 | 0.0136 | − 0.0013 | − 0.0274 |
E2C0R5 | 0.0216 | 0.0473 | 0.0732 | 0.0516 | 0.0323 | 0.0160 | 0.0013 | − 0.0238 |
E2C2R5 | 0.0182 | 0.0471 | 0.0749 | 0.0527 | 0.0338 | 0.0167 | 0.0035 | − 0.0205 |
E2C5R5 | 0.0206 | 0.0470 | 0.0763 | 0.0582 | 0.0403 | 0.0208 | 0.0072 | − 0.0162 |
E2C7R5 | 0.0222 | 0.0497 | 0.0782 | 0.0610 | 0.0419 | 0.0216 | 0.0096 | − 0.0154 |
E1C2R5 | 0.0123 | 0.0367 | 0.0609 | 0.0399 | 0.0223 | 0.0050 | − 0.0104 | − 0.0316 |
E3C2R5 | 0.0405 | 0.0625 | 0.0862 | 0.0678 | 0.0493 | 0.0278 | 0.0170 | − 0.0116 |
E2C2R7 | 0.0182 | 0.0471 | 0.0749 | 0.0527 | 0.0338 | 0.0167 | 0.0050 | − 0.0205 |
E2C2R10 | 0.0183 | 0.0507 | 0.0797 | 0.0537 | 0.0353 | 0.0185 | 0.0058 | − 0.0204 |
E2C2R15 | 0.0239 | 0.0541 | 0.0828 | 0.0580 | 0.0416 | 0.0218 | 0.0063 | − 0.0179 |
3.3.3 Effect of Curing Conditions on Free Expansion or Shrinkage
Curing condition | Free expansion rate (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 50d | 80d | |
A | 0.0495 | 0.1050 | 0.0317 | 0.0034 | − 0.0081 | − 0.0293 | − 0.0501 |
B | 0.0160 | 0.0112 | 0.0017 | − 0.0044 | − 0.0098 | − 0.0416 | − 0.0619 |
C | 0.0879 | 0.1841 | 0.1157 | 0.0800 | 0.0638 | 0.0295 | 0.0071 |
D | 0.0874 | 0.0514 | 0.0275 | 0.0047 | − 0.0088 | − 0.0377 | − 0.0586 |
E | − 0.0207 | − 0.0243 | − 0.0414 | − 0.0430 | − 0.0501 | − 0.0684 | − 0.0874 |