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International Relations and Heritage

Patchwork in Times of Plurality

herausgegeben von: Dr. Rodrigo Christofoletti, Maria Leonor Botelho

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : The Latin American Studies Book Series

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Patchwork in times of plurality encompasses the multitude of actions as a revealing symbol of ethos, actors, organisms, and manifestations of preservation and dialogue frontiers. This plural metaphor, almost like a patchwork, aggregates and yet segregates, conforms, but disfigures, and boosts the meanings which represent this new field that international relations have been recently crossing. Just like the mirror metaphor - that reflects everything to all and, sometimes, intervenes in distortions - the patchwork analogy allowed the book to take responsibility for the disclosure of preservation actions on a global scale. The book has a pioneering role insofar since it is the only publication with such characteristics, concerns, and coverage. The work studies the interconnection between cultural properties and international relations by understanding them as a mosaic before the bridges that intertwine people and borders.

The main goal of this work is to illustrate in what way intergovernmental relations have been privileging heritage and culture as acting fields for its broader needs. Therefore, the book addresses topics related to the international agenda, focusing on its less debated themes. Two examples of these undervalued matters are the link between actors, preservationist actions, and the universe of world cultural heritage. The book also pursuits a critical dialogue between interdisciplinary fields that narrow heritage frontiers in search to contribute with a spectrum of academic perspectives and (inter)national study cases. To serve distinct economic, social, or political purposes, institutionalized heritage (embodied by different values) becomes instrumentalized in a top-down direction. In a development frame, when we perceive culture as indispensable to human life, the past is transformed into exchange currency. Through the creation of alternative fields of action, usually in a bottom-up logic, the present builds new heritage connections. Digital heritage's preservation, dissemination, and appreciation have been representing these same nets.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Presentation: Will the International Relationships Connected with Heritage Preservation Change in a Post-pandemic World?

Abstract

As we face nowadays an unprecedented global crisis, one that is radically different from those we have already witnessed in the this century, this book wants to question and debate how will the international relations connected with heritage preservation change in a post-pandemic world? Thus, facing this overall shift in perspective, what will happen to the already ‘outdated’ heritage debates? How can they not be impacted by this new world order? The urge to answer these queries motivated the edition of a special journal issue, containing part of the texts that are newly presented in this book, and that were particularly enlarged. Being aware that regarding this scenario, UNESCO is encouraging World Heritage sites, its platforms and the European World Heritage Journeys to offer people alternative ways for exploring their heritage from home, we are particularly aware that international relations will not be the same after the pandemic, and consequently nor will the conception and management of heritage. Thus, the instantaneous character of (social) media has supplied a new angle towards heritage at the transnational scale. The examination of power relations uncovers new actors, spaces and representations. Cultural Heritage has become an increasingly important actor in multilateral debates. So, the subtitle that ‘nicknames’ this book is more than an attempt to add poetry to the subject matter. Patchwork in times of plurality encompasses the multitude of actions as a revealing symbol of attitudes, actors, organisms and manifestations of the frontiers of preservation and dialogue. Almost like a patchwork, this plural metaphor aggregates yet segregates, it conforms yet disfigures, it boosts the meanings which represent this new field that international relations have recently crossed to. Just like the mirror metaphor—that reflects everything before all, sometimes adding distortion—the patchwork analogy allows the book to take responsibility for disclosing preservation actions on a global scale. This publication has a pioneering role insofar as it sits probably alone in displaying such characteristics, concerns and coverage. The main goal of the book is to illustrate the way in which intergovernmental relations have been privileging heritage and culture as a field of action for broader needs. Therefore, the book addresses topics related with the international agenda, focusing on less debated subjects. Two examples of these undervalued matters are the links between actors, preservationist actions and the universe of world cultural heritage. The book also pursues a critical dialogue between interdisciplinary fields bridging the frontiers of heritage studies, in search of contributing a spectrum of academic perspectives and (inter)national study cases.

Rodrigo Christofoletti, Maria Leonor Botelho

Between Bridges and Frontiers

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Damnatio Memoria or Damnatio Consensus. Conflicting Colonial Heritage in Latin American Port Cities. A Project in Motion: CoopMar—Transoceanic Cooperation, Public Policies and Ibero-American Sociocultural Community

Abstract

Seaports were, for centuries, the most continuous exchange platform between Europe, Africa and America. Port cities emerge as structures and social constructions with specific characteristics. Taking them as study foci favours the debate of issues related to urban and social complexity, as they usually bring together marks of diversity, both human and cultural, presenting themselves as privileged places for the development of studies of alterity and permeability, including cultural. Port cities in Europe and Latin America are also challenged by risks arising from the high levels of development of the tourism industry. This exploits heritage, material and immaterial, built, symbolic or natural, often without benefits for the builders and heirs of those assets—the local communities. This matter becomes more acute when we are dealing with memories and heritage historically built through colonial dynamics. Many questions arise around the management of these memories and inheritances. Today communities in Latin America ask for recognition of indigenous identities and values and call for different concepts and practices for the preservation of their own values. This paper builds on the tension arising between two concepts, Damnatio memoria and Damnatio consensus, as expressing vibrant reactions from the communities involved. These are the main challenges faced by the project supported by the CoopMar network, whose aims, strategies and achievements this article deals with.

Amélia Polónia, Cátia Miriam Costa, Fernando Mouta

Chapter 3. Regional Assets, Industrial Growth, Global Reach: The Case Study of the Film Industry in the San Francisco Bay Area

Abstract

Within the US motion picture industry, Hollywood is a (big) tree that hides the forest. Indeed, in this industry, besides this powerful and dominating industrial cluster, there are other—though minor—clusters, particularly in New York and San Francisco. The paper focuses on the latter and argues that the development of the film industry in the San Francisco Bay Area relies on specific regional assets: (1) a unique urban context and experience, (2) a unique alternative culture, and (3) a world-class technological cluster. The paper starts by briefly describing the path dependency of the film industry in the Bay Area, and how the city of San Francisco has started (in the 1980s) to implement a dedicated policy aimed at promoting the development of this industry. In this context, the paper explores the way that the San Francisco Bay Area became an attractive place for filmmakers and the fact that the 1970s marked the beginning of a new regime of film shootings. The paper then describes how, since then, the Bay Area asserted itself as a place for film production, and that has resulted in a multisite and smoothly expanding industrial cluster with a quite dynamic local labor market. Finally, the paper questions the mechanics of the film industry cluster in the Bay Area, its connections with Hollywood, and its impacts on the global influence of San Francisco.

Frédéric Leriche

Chapter 4. Cultural Heritage and Globalization: Trajectory, Projects, and Strategies of the Santa María la Real Foundation (Aguilar de Campoo, Castile, and León, Spain)

Abstract

In 1977, an association was founded to restore the ruins of a medieval monastery located in the small town of Aguilar de Campoo (Palencia, Castile and León, Spain) and turn it into the hub of cultural engagement of a progressively depopulated region with scarce economic resources but a remarkably rich cultural heritage. This original initiative has since led to an enormous wealth of activity, and the Santa María la Real Foundation, heir to that association, has diversified the fields in which it works, extending its activities throughout Spain and other countries. The link with Romanesque art, one of the hallmarks of the Aguilar region, has always remained very much alive, although its reach is now much greater, notably through the publication of an ambitious work, the now benchmark “Enciclopedia del Románico en la Península Ibérica” (Encyclopedia of the Romanesque in the Iberian Peninsula). The international impact of this foundation, in an increasingly globalized world with greater demand for culture and heritage, is growing, with activities in different fields and a wide range of projects. However, the roots and ideological foundations that drove those who, more than forty years ago, with no funds but with a tremendous amount of enthusiasm, decided that the role civil society plays is crucial when raising awareness about and conserving heritage and that this cultural wealth, far from being a burden, should be understood as an enormous resource, have never been forgotten. This is what they believed, and they got right to work.

Jaime Nuño González

Chapter 5. Cultural Diplomacy: From Praxis to a Possible Concept

Abstract

What is Cultural Diplomacy? This question has been the motivation for my studies in the area of International Relations and its interface with research in the field of Culture. To speak of Cultural Diplomacy is to think about the symbolic-cultural elements that national states use as foreign policy instruments. This paper presents, therefore, a discussion about the connections between Culture, Diplomacy, Foreign Policy, and International Cultural Relations with a view to identifying what Cultural Diplomacy is and, thus, elaborating a concept that can explain what this field is. It is based on the premise that Cultural Diplomacy is an umbrella for other diplomacies: artistic, patrimonial, educational, sports, tourist, scientific, and innovation. In the case of the text on screen, it is structured in discussions in two complementary parts toward the success of the objectives proposed by this study. First, we sought to discuss the interface between Culture and International Relations to understand what Cultural Diplomacy is in the second part of the argumentation. In both, there are specific discussions that help in understanding the object of analysis referred to here. At the end, at the conclusion of the article, we present the concept of Cultural Diplomacy identified and described by the researcher who writes to you. Thus, from reflections about the intersection between Culture, Diplomacy, and Foreign Policy and understanding of what is meant by International Cultural Relations, it is concluded that Cultural Diplomacy is a part of the international action of the countries. This cultural dimension began to be part of foreign policy from the nineteenth century onwards and was strengthened in the twentieth century. Moreover, the observance of models consonant to cultural diplomacy worked by some countries allows us to understand that there is a demand, in contemporary times, for strengthening this area by national states.

Bruno do Vale Novais

Chapter 6. Digital Culture and Digital Media as Heritage: Innovative Approaches in Interaction with Information and Scientific Communication in the Era of Massive Data and Immersive Interactive Technologies. New Contexts in International Relationships

Abstract

Digital technologies have, in recent years, changed the relationship between users, content, and information. These changes have been more noteworthy and tangible, particularly in the 2010s, accelerating in the year 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This context places societies in new scenarios where interactions change dramatically, and where digital technologies and scientific culture developed in recent decades have a relevant role. In this work, we analyse the technological context, focusing on media technologies and data production and dissemination, and their potential to advance and implement new relationships between stakeholders, users, organisations, research groups, and with data, information, and knowledge. Technologies such as extended reality, motion graphics, immersive journalism, massive and open data, data visualisation, open science, etc. create an ensemble of potential scenarios where the access to information and knowledge will present us with many innovative approaches. When digital technologies have changed our lives and our way of interacting with our peers and information, the new context has enhanced these changes, due to the emergence of new necessities: firstly, the necessity of scientific research; and secondly, the necessity of designing and considering new interactions and ways of establishing relationships. In both cases, digital media technologies are performing a relevant role which may even further accelerate changes in the new context and scenarios emerging, changing relationships and ways of interacting at all levels, from individuals to international relationships, and, of course, between individuals and information. This context places a new scenario before us, where digital media and scientific research and production are a relevant part of human heritage, always in a process of change and evolution.

José Luis Rubio-Tamayo, Manuel Gertrudix, Hernando Gómez

Chapter 7. The “National Fact” and the Notion of Cultural Heritage in Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1987/1988)

Abstract

The UNESCO Universal Declaration on cultural diversity, states that “cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature”, recognizing cultural diversity as “humanity's common heritage”. In this perspective it is urgent to discuss the relationship between cultural diversity and heritage preservation policies. In 1980, Chastel and Babelon published a work which would become a reference for those researching on cultural heritage: “La notion de patrimoine”. Starting from this work, and arguing that heritage is as much cultural as it is economic and political, we propose to discuss the relationship between heritage and cultural diversity from the idea of “national fact”. To this end, we resort to the process developed by the Brazilian Constituent Assembly of 1987/1988. We analysed minutes of hearings and other documents to conclude that the construction of the constitutional article concerning heritage (article 216) shook the apology of national identity that had shaped public Brazilian policies since the 1920s and 1930s.

Yussef Daibert Salomão de Campos, Paulo Peixoto

Chapter 8. “The Abyss of History is Deep Enough to Hold Us All” The Beginnings of the 1931 Athens Charter and the Proposition of the Notion of World Heritage

Abstract

The article discusses some of the production aspects of the 1931’s Athens Charter, the first international document referring to the protection of historical and artistic heritage produced within the framework of an international political and institutional articulation. It addresses the historical conjecture construction process of elaboration of the aforementioned document, starting with the context of the First World War, passing through the implantation of institutions that began the structuring of an international policy for the protection of heritage, in which the concern for the viability of the constitution of a humanity heritage is highlighted.

Marcos Olender

Unfortunate Events of the Cultural Goods

Frontmatter

Chapter 9. Political Issues of the Louvre’s Internationalisation

Abstract

This article focuses on the internationalisation of the Louvre since the 2000s. The Louvre is a major Heritage of the French Culture. With the British Museum in London, it is one of the most important universal Museums in the world. The French State, through successive governments, has mobilised the Louvre, that is, the institution, as an intermediary in international agreements. This museum and cultural institution then become a real stakeholder in international relations. Thus, we want to analyse issues and controversies surrounding the close relationship between the Louvre and the French State. The Louvre, a renowned French museum and heritage site, is now multi-spatial. This model responds in part to a request to the French Government to perfect the interplay of international influence. The Louvre's internationalisation is thus understood not as the Louvre's reputation on the international level, but as the use of this heritage in the international political strategies. By approaching this case in French international relations, we can, first of all, question the stakes of the transition from heritage to national branding. In other words, to understand how in contemporary literature, heritage is transformed not only as a tool to retrace the past of a society but also how it becomes an emblem that can be mobilised by states to claim a form of legitimacy from other states. The method bases essentially on interviews conducted within the framework of these. And it aims to answer two questions. What does the deterritorialisation of national heritage such as the Louvre produce in international relations at the Louvre's scale, the city of Abu Dhabi and in relations between France and the United Arab Emirates, then the impact that the Louvre Abu Dhabi can have at the local and regional level.

Marie-Alix Molinié-Andlauer

Chapter 10. DA‘ESH’s Video in the Mosul Museum: Heritage Destruction or Heritage-Making?

Abstract

The destruction of statues in the Mosul Museum recorded by DA‘ESH should not be considered simple acts of vandalism and Islamic iconoclasm, but understood within the current debate on the redefinition of heritage, particularly monumental statues, questioned for representing a colonialist or autocratic past and attacked in the last years, during popular manifestations in Chile, the UK and the USA. DA‘ESH neither denies the notion of heritage nor abrogates it, but appropriates and transforms it. The actions and discourse of DA‘ESH share some significant elements with these recent attacks. In the video recorded, statues were turned into pieces, reidentified, relocated and displayed in public in all the media, conveying new and accurate meanings, according to DA‘ESH. Thereby, the video is a postmodern and digital contraversion of traditional heritage artefacts and sites and has to be considered in two different perspectives: as heritage destruction and as heritage-making.

Jorge Elices Ocón

Chapter 11. The Protection of Cultural Property in the 1954 Hague Convention

Abstract

This article describes various aspects related to the historical development of the international protection of cultural property in wartime, the importance of 1954 Hague Convention and the current individual criminal responsibility: Ancient Rome period, the Doctrine of International Law of the Modern Age period, the first codifications of laws and customs of war during the nineteenth century—Lieber Code (1864), the Brussels Conference (1874) and the Hague Peace Conference (1899 and 1907)—the codification sponsored by the League of Nations, the codification carry out by UNESCO and the 1954 Hague Convention and its First and Second Protocols (1954 and 1999), and the individual international criminal responsibility established Rome Statute of International Criminal Court (1998).

Fernando Fernandes da Silva

Chapter 12. From Construction to Restitution: Some Trajectories of New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage

Abstract

Cultural heritage and the different materials that it is made of, as well as the meanings that we give them, are not static: they change over time and, in their exchange, draw interesting trajectories on the map. Through the study of the construction, exchange, exhibition, reclamation and restitution of New Zealand’s heritage we will analyse the capricious but significant paths that cultural heritage has taken throughout history. The main interest of this chapter is to analyse how the recent demands for heritage repatriation represent a new chapter in the long history of meaning that we give to certain objects. We would like to emphasize how the repatriation of different materials has become an important tool in present-day diplomatic relations.

Manuel Burón

Chapter 13. The Demand for Restitution of Cultural Heritage Through Relations Between Africa and Europe

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the question of the restitution or repatriation of cultural heritage, especially the artifacts from sub-Saharan Africa from the publication of the Savoy-Sarr Report, completed in 2018. We’ll look at the case of the Benin Bronzes, taken from Africa in the nineteenth century and currently distributed in different museological institutions, mainly in France and England. Thus, we hope that the reflections mentioned here may inspire other possibilities in relation to the restitution of cultural heritage.

Karine Lima da Costa

Chapter 14. Mapping Cultural Heritage in the Bi-regional Relations Between Europe and Latin America: Case Studies

Abstract

This article aims to identify and discuss the role and place of cultural heritage in the international bi-regional relations between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. Thus, using a theoretical framework of the concepts of heritage diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and international cultural relations, it analyses non-exhaustively projects, programmes, partnerships, working documents, reports, communications and agreements in force, thus fostering international relations through cultural heritage. This panorama of the international relations between the regions involving cultural heritage has some specific objectives. First, to identify the main principles, purposes and narratives regarding cultural heritage as an object/arena of foreign relations. Secondly, to outline the profile(s) of the actions undertaken in the domain, their focuses and objects, how they vary across the governance levels involved and/or have changed over time. Thirdly, to identify the actors involved in such actions/policies. Lastly, to identify the impact of such actions, as for generation of value, tourism, engagement, public image and relations between the people.

Vitória dos Santos Acerbi

Soft Power As a Key?

Frontmatter

Chapter 15. Three Themes in Transition: Soft Power, Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods, and the Cartography of World Heritage Sites

Abstract

A wide range of historical examples is designed to illustrate the effects of soft power on the preservation of cultural heritage in the context of international relations, but the essential focus of this text falls on three special areas: (a) criticism of cartography represented in the list of world heritage sites and of world heritage sites linked to UNESCO; (b) the growing action around illicit trafficking and the repatriation/return of cultural goods, as well as the universe of the so-called illicit criminogenic collectables; (c) the mapping of other actors in the production, maintenance and management of heritage with the increasing presence of themes that address “Africanities”, “Asianities”, “Latinities”, and “Orientalisms” (so little explored by our researchers, given the hegemony of the Europeanist/American vision), themes resulting from the dialogue between multiple areas of knowledge and the concept of soft power. Thus, the text faces a central task to show that the connection between cultural heritage, international relations, and soft power is relevant and, therefore, seeks to document significant examples for this purpose, choosing Brazil as a comparative field with international examples. Given the importance built around this category of analysis, it seems appropriate to offer research possibilities on the functioning of soft power (concept questioning on the margins of history), thus providing a conceptual basis and rigorous methodological approaches on its aegis.

Rodrigo Christofoletti

Chapter 16. War Trophies and Diplomatic Relations

Abstract

War trophies are a very specific category of heritage since they are military artifacts obtained on the battlefield and whose cultural value is conferred after their apprehension. Dating back to classical antiquity, the act of obtaining and displaying war trophies has never been considered an international crime. Its implications for international relations, however, can be significant, depending on the valorization of the artifact made trophy by the historiographical narratives of the societies that lost it or that conquered it. This article examines the singularities of the war trophy as cultural heritage and its relevance to diplomatic relations. Based on three case studies, we point to possible paradigms for using this type of heritage as a foreign policy resource.

Bruno Miranda Zétola

Chapter 17. Soft Power of Minas Gerais: The Circula Minas Program (2015–2018) as a Measure of Preservation, National and International Diffusion of Minas Gerais Culture and Heritage

Abstract

The following paper analyzes the results of the Circula Minas Program of Cultural Interchange from 2015 to 2018, with closer attention to cultural heritage. The program’s edicts, supported by cultural and social policies, sought to financially support artists, researchers, masters of traditional knowledge, and other residents of Minas Gerais for presentations and capacitation in many cultural areas, fostering national and international diffusion of Mineiro culture, as well as its preservation. In face of that, this paper reflects on the edicts considering the concept of soft power, understood as the construction of friendly power relations, for instance, through cultural policies, strengthening, therefore, political and economic power both within and outside the country through cultural attractivity. The results are presented in charts containing the amount of yearly selected proposals, the cultural areas represented, the value of financial support, cities of origin, and countries of destination. The conclusions emphasize the potential comebacks of measures such as the referred edicts in the promotion and protection of the state’s culture and heritage in strengthening the Mineiro and Brazilian soft power.

Vanessa Gomes de Castro, Thiago Rodrigues Tavares

Chapter 18. Historic Heritage Policies as Soft Power During Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas

Abstract

This current article analyzes the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Service (SPHAN), a Brazilian institute created to protect historical heritage, as a project of soft power in the government of Getúlio Vargas, the so-called Estado Novo. Between 1937 and 1945, the politics of Estado Novo, as a dictatorship, were bounded to the needs of a self-propaganda to its people and to the world. One of the many projects of such government was a new preoccupation toward the politics of heritage and the official acknowledgment of heritage as the ultimate representation of Brazilian culture to the world. Understanding this institute as a project of soft power inserted in the terms of cultural diplomacy is a new effort. Soft power is a concept usually applied to more recent periods of Brazilian foreign policy history. We suggest, however, that the SPHAN project should not only be considered as a project of Getúlio Vargas’s foreign policy in the terms of soft power but also is a relevant case to study the intertwined relations between domestic politics and the foreign ones.

Filipe Queiroz de Campos

Chapter 19. The University of Coimbra and the Various Appropriations of the International World Heritage Stamp of Approval from UNESCO

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present the results of the first part of the research linked to the interdisciplinary project “The different uses of institutional spaces in the preservation of Cultural Heritage”, in which we sought to analyze the use and appropriation of the University of Coimbra (UC) and of the city itself in question by several agents, from the presentation of the educational institution as a Cultural Heritage of Humanity and its assets built as true collections of an open-air museum. The hypothesis raised is that the nomination by UNESCO, in 2013, leveraged the initiative to use the “Coimbra” brand, specifically through its Cultural-Educational Heritage, as a true soft power, aiming to reestablish the city’s and University’s notoriety as a space for cutting-edge educational development and research worldwide.

Carlos Gustavo Nóbrega de Jesus

Chapter 20. Brazil with Its Back to Soft Power: Indifference or Lack of Knowledge About Cultural Goods?

Abstract

In the last decades, the theme of protection of Cultural Heritage has intensified both at the international and regional levels, as well as at the domestic level. As the notion of power in International Relations took on new configurations, especially from the turn of the twentieth century to the twenty-first century, the issues related to culture, science, and education also took on a new connotation to the ideals of progress and development of a nation. Despite the efforts made to bring the issue to the forefront, the illicit trafficking in Cultural Goods is still a reality that affects Brazil and national states across the globe, moving significant financial amounts every year. So, the concern becomes quite feasible, as there has been a continuous increase in the association of trafficking with other types of crimes, such as terrorism, money laundering, corruption, in addition to the transnational practices by organized crime. In analyzing the theoretical assumptions, the international Conventions and the internal legal system of Brazil, we realized that it is not completely in conformity with what is required of the Brazilian State, taking into account the main obligations contracted in the international sphere, with respect to combating illicit trafficking in Cultural Goods from the perspective of soft power. Therefore, it is intended to present pertinent arguments throughout the present work in the light of multilateral channels, instigating plural debates, connecting, above all, the fields of History and International Relations, in order to raise contents that cross the notions of memory, construction identity, tradition, culture, and power in the geopolitical sphere, as well as making recommendations, so that the internal rules that refer to the issue are adequate to such obligations assumed by the Brazilian State, so that they can be configured as mechanisms of safeguarding of greater power, thus fostering its international projection in the cultural field guided by the foundation in soft power.

Lara Elissa Andrade Cardoso, Nathan Assunção Agostinho

Chapter 21. The Timbila of Mozambique in the Concert of Nations

Abstract

The article discusses aspects of the Mozambique “Chopi Timbila” patrimonialization process that culminated in its proclamation by UNESCO's Intangible Heritage Masterpieces Program in 2005. Inspired by analyses of objectification and semantic reduction processes involved in the official recognition of cultural expressions as cultural heritage, I approach elements of the timbila's historical and social trajectory to understand its role in the nation building and its choice as the first intangible cultural element in Mozambique which was enshrined in international arenas. I emphasize all along the text several elements that locate this African country within the scope of its international relations; on the one hand, I discuss some of the dynamics perpetuated by colonialism, which enabled the dissemination of timbila beyond the colonized territory and, on the other hand, I reflect on Mozambique's relationship with Unesco, in light of the country's political history and its reception in relation to certain criteria and understandings of this international organization with regard to intangible heritage. Finally, I highlight the interpretations given by the Mozambican State to Unesco's ideals of social participation and show how the dossier produced by the Mozambican government used the criterion of authenticity in vogue at that time to describe and justify the choice of timbila.

Sara Morais

Chapter 22. Salazar, Propaganda and Heritage: The Design of “Being Portuguese” as a “Soft Power” Around 1940

Abstract

The “Policy of the Centenaries”, defined by António de Oliveira Salazar in March 1938 in an Unofficial Note of the Presidency of the Council, reflects the Spirit Policy designed by António Ferro (1895–1956). The 1940’s Celebrations, as Ferro explained, were not only intended to glorify our past, to underline our eternity, but also to celebrate Portugal of the present time. Within the politics of the Estado Novo (1933–1974), the idea of “being Portuguese” is clearly re-identified and identified not only with the glorious and triumphalist past of the nation but also through the design of a new nation under an enormous public works program that would lead to the Portuguese “resurgence”. Facing the national and international need to also affirm the historical value of a country with eight centuries of history that wanted to remain neutral in the context of World War II and the Spanish Civil War, the National Propaganda Service (SPN) would start a set of propaganda actions that put history, heritage and the new public works at its. At the same time, while Europe's borders are beginning to show themselves sensitive, we see Portugal taking on “collaborative neutrality” and making use of a deep and active political propaganda that ultimately aimed at the “material restoration” of a country. The double centenary commemoration of the Foundation of Nationality (1143) and the Restoration of Independence (1640), gathered on the joint date of 1940, is a good example of political affirmation that relies on the demand of what is “to be Portuguese” and shows how culture and heritage were then used as a soft power affirmation. Through the critical analysis of the propaganda designed around these events, but also through official discourses by Antonio de Oliveira Salazar and António Ferro the present study aims to understand how the existing or created heritage was at the time assumed as what we now call “soft power”.

Maria Leonor Botelho

Backmatter

Titel: International Relations and Heritage
herausgegeben von: Dr. Rodrigo Christofoletti
Maria Leonor Botelho
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-77991-7
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77990-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77991-7

Springer Professional

Über dieses Buch

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Presentation: Will the International Relationships Connected with Heritage Preservation Change in a Post-pandemic World?

Between Bridges and Frontiers

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Damnatio Memoria or Damnatio Consensus. Conflicting Colonial Heritage in Latin American Port Cities. A Project in Motion: CoopMar—Transoceanic Cooperation, Public Policies and Ibero-American Sociocultural Community

Chapter 3. Regional Assets, Industrial Growth, Global Reach: The Case Study of the Film Industry in the San Francisco Bay Area

Chapter 4. Cultural Heritage and Globalization: Trajectory, Projects, and Strategies of the Santa María la Real Foundation (Aguilar de Campoo, Castile, and León, Spain)

Chapter 5. Cultural Diplomacy: From Praxis to a Possible Concept

Chapter 6. Digital Culture and Digital Media as Heritage: Innovative Approaches in Interaction with Information and Scientific Communication in the Era of Massive Data and Immersive Interactive Technologies. New Contexts in International Relationships

Chapter 7. The “National Fact” and the Notion of Cultural Heritage in Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1987/1988)

Chapter 8. “The Abyss of History is Deep Enough to Hold Us All” The Beginnings of the 1931 Athens Charter and the Proposition of the Notion of World Heritage

Unfortunate Events of the Cultural Goods

Frontmatter

Chapter 9. Political Issues of the Louvre’s Internationalisation

Chapter 10. DA‘ESH’s Video in the Mosul Museum: Heritage Destruction or Heritage-Making?

Chapter 11. The Protection of Cultural Property in the 1954 Hague Convention

Chapter 12. From Construction to Restitution: Some Trajectories of New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage

Chapter 13. The Demand for Restitution of Cultural Heritage Through Relations Between Africa and Europe

Chapter 14. Mapping Cultural Heritage in the Bi-regional Relations Between Europe and Latin America: Case Studies

Soft Power As a Key?

Frontmatter

Chapter 15. Three Themes in Transition: Soft Power, Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods, and the Cartography of World Heritage Sites

Chapter 16. War Trophies and Diplomatic Relations

Chapter 17. Soft Power of Minas Gerais: The Circula Minas Program (2015–2018) as a Measure of Preservation, National and International Diffusion of Minas Gerais Culture and Heritage

Chapter 18. Historic Heritage Policies as Soft Power During Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas

Chapter 19. The University of Coimbra and the Various Appropriations of the International World Heritage Stamp of Approval from UNESCO

Chapter 20. Brazil with Its Back to Soft Power: Indifference or Lack of Knowledge About Cultural Goods?

Chapter 21. The Timbila of Mozambique in the Concert of Nations

Chapter 22. Salazar, Propaganda and Heritage: The Design of “Being Portuguese” as a “Soft Power” Around 1940

Backmatter

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