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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Introduction

verfasst von : Fiona Neff, Rainer Hofmann, Stefan Kadelbach

Erschienen in: On the Relation between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and National Fundamental Rights

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

This introduction serves as a starting point for the scientific analysis of the complex coexistence of different fundamental rights regimes, mechanisms and institutions in the European multi-level system. It traces the development of fundamental rights protection at EU level and explores the role of European and national (constitutional) courts in applying and interpreting fundamental rights.

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Nächstes Kapitel The Charter of Fundamental Rights in the Case Law of the ECJ: The Significance and Decisive Advantages of a Functional Approach
Fußnoten
1
See, in this respect, for Spain: Medina Guerrero (2007), for Germany: Dreier (2007), for Austria: Wiederin (2007) and for Sweden: Vogel (2007).
 
2
For an overview of the highest courts of the EU member states, see Mayer (2009), pp. 560 et seq.
 
3
See, e.g., Sauer (2012).
 
4
Cf. Kirchhof (2011), p. 3681; Sauer (2012).
 
5
Cf. Lenaerts (2014), p. 785, who uses the German term “Schlussstein” (id.); however, still pending is the accession of the European Union to the ECHR as provided for in Art. 6 para. 2 TEU. For the current status and prospects of the accession process, see Krommendijk (2023).
 
6
Sauer (2012), p. 3; Kirchhof (2011), p. 3681.
 
7
See the comprehensive questionnaire by Bobek and Adams-Prassl (2020), pp. 3 et seq.
 
8
The terms “Union fundamental rights” or “European fundamental rights” primarily refer to the fundamental rights codified in the Charter, but their interpretation and application also draw (historically grounded, see Sect. 2) from the shared constitutional traditions of the Member States and the ECHR, which jointly “constitute general principles of the Union’s law”, as specified in Art. 6 para. 3 TEU.
 
9
Cf. Kirchhof (2011), p. 3681; Sauer (2012), p. 3.
 
10
The Union’s judicial system rests on two main pillars: the Union’s own courts and the courts of the Member States. Within the second pillar, the organisation of the judiciary is, in principle, the responsibility of the Member States, which may set up ordinary courts, specialised courts and constitutional courts. Accordingly, the legal or constitutional system of the Member States determines the respective functions of the courts.
 
11
On the CJEU’s fundamental rights review, see Kühling (2009), pp. 680 et seq.; Blanke (2022), Art. 47 CFR para. 1.
 
12
Voßkuhle (2010b), pp. 175 et seq.; for the purposes of this introduction, the ECtHR will be largely excluded from the examination of the Verfassungsgerichtsverbund.
 
13
Voßkuhle (2010a), p. 1.
 
14
Voßkuhle (2010b), p. 189; Lenaerts (2015), p. 3.
 
15
Cf. Claes and de Witte (2021), pp. 665, 662 et seq., who use the German term Kommunikationskanal.
 
16
Daniel Reichel and Gabriel N. Toggenburg analyze the “preliminary reference behavior” of the highest national courts of various Member States in relation to the Charter, Reichel and Toggenburg (2020); see furthermore below.
 
17
As examples of these conflicts can be mentioned the conflict between the CJEU and the Bundesverfassungsgericht concerning the European Central Bank’s Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) (BVerfG, judgment of 5 May 2020, 2 BvR 859/15, and CJEU, judgment of 11 December 2018, Weiss, C-493/17, ECLI:EU:C:2018:1000, para. 19), as well as the conflict between the CJEU and the Polish Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny) regarding the preservation of Polish sovereignty in the European integration process (CJEU, judgment of 15 July 2021, K/Poland, C-791/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:596, para. 52, and Trybunał Konstytucyjny, judgment of 7 October 2021, Case K 3/21); an English summary can be found at https://​trybunal.​gov.​pl/​en/​hearings/​judgments/​art/​11662-ocena-zgodnosci-z-konstytucja-rp-wybranych-przepisow-traktatu-o-unii-europejskiej. Accessed 1 Oct 2023. For more information on these conflict cases, see, for instance, Hofmann and Heger (2020), Heger (2023), Griller (2022), Bobić (2020), and Jakab and Kirchmair (2023).
 
18
Voßkuhle (2010a), p. 8 and Voßkuhle (2010b), p. 197, who envisions this possibility specifically for the Bundesverfassungsgericht.
 
19
Bobić (2020).
 
20
Lenaerts (2015), pp. 25 et seq.; Lenaerts (2014), p. 780; Voßkuhle (2010a), pp. 7 et seq.
 
21
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 4 Nov 1950, CETS 5.
 
22
On the genesis of the ECHR, see Partsch (1954), pp. 631 et seq.; comprehensively Bates (2010).
 
23
De Búrca (2021), pp. 486 et seq.; Chwolik-Lanfermann (1994), pp. 42 et seq.; the history of fundamental rights at the Union level is summarized by Ehlers (2009), pp. 443 et seq.
 
24
Hofmann et al. (2019), p. 279.
 
25
CJEU, judgment of 5 February 1963, Van Gend en Loos, C-26/62, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1, p. 12.
 
26
CJEU, judgment of 15 July 1964, Costa/E.N.E.L., C-6/64, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66, p. 594; see Gourdet (2021), pp. 28, 40 et seq.
 
27
De Búrca (2021), p. 489; Calliess (2022), p. 1159.
 
28
De Búrca (2021), p. 489; Ehlers (2009), p. 444.
 
29
CJEU, judgment of 12 November 1969, Stauder, C-29/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:57, para. 7.
 
30
CJEU, judgment of 17 December 1970, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH, C-11/70, ECLI:EU:C:1970:114, para. 3 et seq.; CJEU, judgment of 21 September 1989, Hoechst/Kommission, C-46/87, C-227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337, para. 13; see Calliess (2022), p. 1159; De Búrca (2021), p. 489.
 
31
CJEU, judgment of 14 May 1974, Nold, C-4/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:51, para. 13.
 
32
On the CJEU’s methodological approach to judicial development of unwritten fundamental rights Calliess (2022), p. 1159.
 
33
BVerfG, Order of 29 May 1974—2 BvL 52/7—Solange I; cf. Hofmann et al. (2019), p. 280; the Italian Corte Costituzionale had decided similarly in Frontini, Corte Costituzionale, judgment of 27 December 1973, No. 183/1973; see also the statement of the Spanish Tribunal Constitucional of December 13, 2004, Tribunal Constitucional, Opinion 1/2004; on this, Gourdet (2021), pp. 78 et seq.; Mayer (2009), pp. 580, 584.
 
34
In particular CJEU, judgment of 13 December 1979, Hauer, C-44/79, ECLI:EU:C:1979:290.
 
35
BVerfG, Order of 22 October 1986—2 BvR 197/83—Solange II; earlier Corte Costituzionale, Judgment of 8 June 1984, No. 170/1984—S.p.a. Granital v. Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato, for an analysis of this decision cf. La Pergola and Del Duca (1985); in detail on the “dialogue” between the CJEU and the Bundesverfassungsgericht on the relationship between Union and national law see Gourdet (2021), pp. 40 et seq.; Hofmann and Heger (2020).
 
36
Cf. Gourdet (2021), p. 29; Calliess (2022), p. 1159.
 
37
Kadelbach (2019), p. 174; Calliess (2007), pp. 1081 et seq.
 
38
Cf. Cologne European Council of 3–4 June 1999, Conclusions of the Presidency. On the drafting process, see De Búrca (2015), pp. 799 et seq.; Barriga (2003).
 
39
Solemn Proclamation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Communities, C 364 of 18 December 2000.
 
40
The Charter was mentioned for the first time in the judgment CJEU, judgment of 27 June 2006, Parliament/Council, C-540/03; Bobek and Adams-Prassl (2020), p. 2.
 
41
Kadelbach (2019), para. 19.
 
42
Douglas-Scott (2011), p. 656; De Búrca (2021), p. 491.
 
43
On these provisions in general, cf. Lock (2019), Art. 51–54 CFR and the website FRA at https://​fra.​europa.​eu/​en/​eu-charter. Accessed 1 Oct 2023.
 
44
De Búrca (2013), p. 168; Krommendijk (2015), p. 812; Beckenberger (2023), p. 252.
 
45
See, for example, in CJEU, judgment of 1 March 2011, Association Belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats and Others, C-236/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:100; CJEU, judgment of 8 April 2014, Digital Rights Ireland and Others, Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12, ECLI:EU:C:2014:238; Gourdet (2021), pp. 31 et seq.
 
46
On the CJEU case law on the applicability of the CFR, cf. Gourdet (2021), pp. 276 et seq.
 
47
CJEU, Opinion 1/09 of 8 March 2011, ECLI:EU:C:2011:123, para. 66, 69.
 
48
See earlier contributions on these issues in Bobek and Adams-Prassl (2020).
 
49
Jakab and Kirchmair (2023) p. 191; Lenaerts (2012), pp. 375, 377.
 
50
CJEU, judgment of 26 February 2013, Åkerberg Fransson, C-617/10, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105.
 
51
CJEU, judgment of 26 February 2013, Melloni, C-399/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:107.
 
52
CJEU, judgment of 6 March 2014, Siragusa, C-206/13, ECLI:EU:C:2014:126, para. 24 et seq.
 
53
CJEU, judgment of 10 July 2014, Hernández and Others, C-198/13, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2055, para. 35 et seq.
 
54
CJEU, judgment of 26 February 2013, Åkerberg Fransson, C-617/10, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105, para. 20 et seq.; for a detailed overview on the development of the CJEU’s jurisprudence regarding Art. 51 para. 1 cl. 1 CFR, see Gourdet (2021), pp. 281 et seq.
 
55
CJEU, judgment of 6 March 2014, Siragusa, C-206/13, ECLI:EU:C:2014:126, para. 24 et seq.; CJEU, judgment of 10 July 2014, Hernández and Others, C-198/13, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2055, para. 35 et seq.; Gourdet (2021), pp. 292 et seq., 324 et seq.
 
56
For a comprehensive overview of the state of the scholarly discussion, see Gourdet (2021), pp. 183 et seq.
 
57
Verfassungsgerichtshof, decision of 14 March 2012, U 466/11, U 1836/11, para. 35 and 36; cf. Grabenwarter (2012), pp. 298 et seq.
 
58
Tribunal Constitutional, judgment of 18 December 2014, no. 215/2014; Tribunal Constitutional, judgment of 4 July 2017, no. 89/2017; see Sarmiento and Codina (2020), p. 322.
 
59
Bobek and Adams-Prassl (2020), p. 10.
 
60
CJEU, judgment of 26 February 2013, Melloni, C-399/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:107, para. 58 et seq.; cf. de Boer (2013), pp. 1083 et seq.
 
61
BVerfG, Order of 6 November 2019—BVerfGE 152, 152 (169)—Recht auf Vergessen I; BVerfG, Order of 6 November 2019—BVerfGE 152, 216 (229)—Recht auf Vergessen II; cf. Hofmann and Heger (2021), pp. 1 et seq.; Hofmann et al. (2019), pp. 277 et seq.
 
62
Sciarra and Golia (2020), pp. 244 et seq.
 
63
Sciarra and Golia (2020), pp. 239 et seq.
 
64
Corte costituzionale, judgment of 7 November 2017, No. 269/2017, para. 5.2; Gourdet (2021), p. 432.
 
65
The main passage of the Tarrico Saga had its “starting point” with CJEU, judgment of 8 September 2015, Taricco and Others, C-105/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:555; for a comprehensive overview of the Saga, see Piccirilli (2018).
 
66
De Almeida Ribeiro and Fragoso Martins (2020), pp. 289, 292 et seq.; Gourdet (2021), pp. 79 et seq.
 
67
Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas, Ruling of 14 March 2006, Nr. 17/02-24/02-06/03-22/04, Section III, No. 9.4., available in English at https://​lrkt.​lt/​en/​court-acts/​search/​170/​ta1357/​content. Accessed 1 Oct 2023; cf. Kadelbach (2019), p. 174; Gourdet (2021), p. 70.
 
68
Cf. Jakab and Kirchmair (2023).
 
69
This becomes particularly clear with regard to the protection of fundamental rights in Member States with rule of law deficits, such as Hungary, Poland or Romania. On this conclusion, see Calliess (2022), p. 1166; Franzius (2015), pp. 146 et seq.
 
70
See, however, CJEU, Opinion 2/13 of 18 December 2014, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2454.
 
71
Cf. Krommendijk (2023).
 
72
CJEU, judgment of 15 July 1963, Plaumann/Commission of the EEC, C-25/62, ECLI:EU:C:1963:17; CJEU, judgment of 3 October 2013, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and Others/Parliament and Council, C-583/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:625, para. 57 et seq., 71.
 
73
CJEU, judgment of 6 October 1982, CILFIT, C-283/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:335, para. 9.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Introduction
verfasst von
Fiona Neff
Rainer Hofmann
Stefan Kadelbach
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Buch
On the Relation between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and National Fundamental Rights

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-52684-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-52685-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52685-5_1

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