1 Introduction
2 Description of Experiments
2.1 Geometry of the Reinforcement Bars and Steel Chemical Composition
Bar type | Nominal diameter |
d
|
a
|
h
1
|
h
2
|
l
1
|
l
2
| θ (º) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Straight | Ø16 | 15.77 (0.03) | 2.02 (0.18) | 1.15 (0.13) | 0.72 (0.12) | 7.81 (0.08) | 2.46 (0.16) | 90 |
Skewed | Ø16 | 15.62 (0.12) | 1.31 (0.04) | 1.45 (0.07) | 1.53 (0.32) | 8.20 (0.11) | 5.77 (0.26) | 59 |
Bar type | C | Mn | Si | O | Cr | Ni | Cu | Fea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Straight | 2.84 | 1.08 | 0.22 | 4.63 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.51 | 90.36 |
Skewed | 3.05 | 0.64 | 0.30 | 4.52 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 90.63 |
2.2 Corrosion Level Determination
2.2.1 Cleaning Method and Weight Loss Measurement
2.2.2 3D-Laser Scanning Technique
2.2.3 Determination of Corrosion Level From the 3D-Scanning Technique
2.3 Monotonic Tests and Pit Characterisation
2.4 Mechanical Characterisation of Uncorroded Bars
Bar type | Fmax (kN) | Fy (kN) | fmax (MPa) | fy (MPa) | εmax (–) | εu (–) | εy (–) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Straight | 184.2 (9.3) | 136.6 (8.5) | 865.7 (43.9) | 645.5 (40) | 0.1117 (0.0009) | 0.2184 (0.0115) | 0.003 |
Skewed | 179.6 (5.6) | 136.3 (5.9) | 831.6 (25.7) | 630.9 (27) | 0.1014 (0.0083) | 0.174 (0.035) | 0.003 |
3 Corrosion Relationships
4 Results and Discussion
Bar # | Bar type | Fmax (kN) | Fy (kN) | εmax (–) | εu (–) | εy (–) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST1-1 | Sk | 172.3 | 129.5 | 0.116 | 0.152 | 0.010 |
ST1-2 | Sk | 172.8 | 130.2 | 0.115 | 0.149 | 0.010 |
ST1-3 | Sk | 181.7 | 142.7 | 0.124 | 0.159 | 0.014 |
ST1-4 | Sk | 184.4 | 144.7 | 0.115 | 0.139 | 0.014 |
ST1-5 | St | 171.9 | 125.6 | 0.138 | 0.179 | 0.010 |
ST1-6 | St | 170.5 | 124.3 | 0.130 | 0.158 | 0.016 |
ST1-7 | St | 168.0 | 122.3 | 0.143 | 0.190 | 0.016 |
ST1-8 | St | 171.7 | 125.2 | 0.133 | 0.177 | 0.009 |
ST1-9 | Sk | 179.2 | 141.4 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
ST1-10 | Sk | 178.6 | 141.2 | 0.114 | 0.139 | 0.014 |
ST1-11 | St | 189.9 | 147.1 | 0.066 | 0.089 | 0.009 |
ST1-12 | St | 185.3 | 141.2 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.020 |
ST1-13 | St | 179.3 | 132.4 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.008 |
ST1-14 | St | 191.2 | 142.4 | 0.114 | 0.114 | 0.015 |
ST1-15 | Sk | 171.1 | 132.9 | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.014 |
ST1-16 | Sk | 176.3 | 138.9 | 0.105 | 0.105 | 0.015 |
ST1-17 | Sk | 178.1 | 142.1 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.015 |
ST1-18 | Sk | 175.6 | 139.1 | 0.088 | 0.088 | 0.014 |
ST1-19 | Sk | 177.3 | 139.5 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.015 |
ST1-20 | Sk | 179.1 | 142.3 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.015 |
ST1-21 | St | 195.0 | 145.3 | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.015 |
ST1-22 | St | 195.0 | 145.3 | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.015 |
ST1-23 | St | 182.6 | 136.8 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.017 |
ST1-24 | Sk | 186.8 | 130.4 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.006 |
ST1-25 | St | 195.8 | 146.3 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.016 |
ST1-26 | St | 183.2 | 135.9 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.014 |
ST1-27 | St | 182.4 | 135.1 | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.018 |
ST1-28 | Sk | 173.9 | 130.9 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.012 |
ST1-29 | Sk | 175.6 | 125.5 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.006 |
ST1-30 | St | 199.8 | 150.8 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.015 |
ST1-31 | St | 188.3 | 141.6 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.019 |
ST1-32 | St | 193.7 | 148.0 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.018 |
ST1-33 | St | 186.9 | 145.0 | 0.072 | 0.072 | 0.011 |
ST1-34 | Sk | 183.2 | 127.0 | 0.104 | 0.104 | 0.006 |
ST1-35 | Sk | 185.4 | 130.1 | 0.079 | 0.079 | 0.006 |
ST1-36 | St | 172.6 | 128.2 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.019 |
ST1-37 | St | 183.9 | 137.0 | 0.114 | 0.114 | 0.019 |
ST1-38 | St | 197.3 | 148.8 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.007 |
ST1-39 | St | 175.3 | 129.3 | 0.127 | 0.127 | 0.019 |
ST1-40 | St | 173.8 | 128.2 | 0.110 | 0.110 | 0.015 |
ST1-41 | St | 186.3 | 136.4 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.014 |
ST1-42 | St | 191.9 | 143.0 | 0.086 | 0.086 | 0.013 |
ST1-43 | St | 176.5 | 132.0 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.007 |
Bar # | Bar type |
µ
avg,w
(%) |
A
avg
(mm2) | Pit length (mm) | Pit width (mm) | Pit depth (mm) | Fmax (kN) | Fy (kN) | εmax (–) | εu (–) | εy (–) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST2-1 | St | 13.61 | 182.79 | – | – | – | 152.7 | 115.6 | 0.080 | 0.087 | 0.010 |
ST2-2 | St | 14.03 | 181.91 | 25.8 | 14.4 | 6.15 | 120.1 | 94.2 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.010 |
ST2-3 | St | 9.21 | 192.11 | 32.94 | 10.2 | 3.12 | 156.2 | 113.6 | 0.077 | 0.086 | 0.012 |
ST2-4 | Sk | 1.33 | 213.17 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 1.94 | 165.2 | 122.3 | 0.098 | 0.103 | 0.010 |
ST2-5 | Sk | 6.59 | 201.80 | 12.55 | 5.61 | 2.77 | 162.7 | 120.7 | 0.111 | 0.113 | 0.011 |
ST2-6 | Sk | 6.73 | 201.49 | 12.4 | 6.88 | 1.53 | 154.9 | 116.1 | 0.091 | 0.095 | 0.011 |
ST2-7 | Sk | 2.50 | 210.64 | 15 | 10.6 | 4.21 | 148.6 | 122.3 | 0.045 | 0.048 | 0.012 |
ST2-8 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 185.7 | 141.9 | 0.101 | 0.115 | 0.011 |
ST2-9 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 178.0 | 141.7 | 0.137 | 0.164 | 0.021 |
ST2-10 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 174.9 | 137.6 | 0.136 | 0.159 | 0.017 |
ST2-11 | Sk | 4.97 | 205.31 | 13.85 | 7.33 | 1.52 | 158.0 | 126.3 | 0.086 | 0.091 | 0.011 |
ST2-12 | Sk | 0.89 | 214.11 | 6.18 | 6.72 | 1.31 | 177.3 | 139.3 | 0.140 | 0.164 | 0.017 |
ST2-13 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 180.6 | 143.6 | 0.147 | 0.182 | 0.020 |
ST2-14 | Sk | 4.41 | 206.51 | 20.46 | 8.26 | 2.77 | 156.9 | 120.4 | 0.075 | 0.079 | 0.011 |
ST2-15 | Sk | 8.09 | 198.57 | 15.85 | 12.09 | 5.31 | 132.9 | 110.4 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.010 |
ST2-16 | Sk | 13.56 | 186.73 | 12 | 6.01 | 3.36 | 123.0 | 98.4 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.010 |
ST2-17 | Sk | 3.28 | 208.96 | 9.51 | 2.85 | 1.72 | 167.8 | 123.8 | 0.110 | 0.126 | 0.011 |
ST2-18 | Sk | 19.21 | 174.53 | 36.16 | 8.55 | 4.11 | 124.1 | 95.2 | 0.059 | 0.062 | 0.010 |
ST2-19 | Sk | 13.80 | 186.23 | 30 | 9.07 | 3.2 | 129.5 | 105.6 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.011 |
ST2-20 | Sk | 15.25 | 183.10 | 33.24 | 6.15 | 2.18 | 133.8 | 104.5 | 0.057 | 0.064 | 0.010 |
ST2-21 | Sk | 11.11 | 192.04 | 25.95 | 9.46 | 3.81 | 143.7 | 115.2 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.012 |
ST2-22 | Sk | 8.45 | 197.78 | 64.83 | 8.84 | 1.69 | 153.9 | 116.4 | 0.078 | 0.081 | 0.010 |
ST2-23 | Sk | 8.82 | 196.98 | 16.51 | 6.36 | 3.01 | 150.2 | 112.5 | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.010 |
ST2-24 | Sk | 5.40 | 204.37 | 18.12 | 10.94 | 2.05 | 156.7 | 120.3 | 0.078 | 0.084 | 0.010 |
ST2-25 | Sk | 1.39 | 213.04 | 9.43 | 3.1 | 0.84 | 188.4 | 134.6 | 0.145 | 0.164 | 0.012 |
ST2-26 | Sk | 9.99 | 194.46 | 13.34 | 6.93 | 2.07 | 150.4 | 117.1 | 0.056 | 0.061 | 0.011 |
ST2-27 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 187.9 | 133.8 | 0.154 | 0.204 | 0.011 |
ST2-28 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 190.6 | 135.1 | 0.157 | 0.191 | 0.012 |
ST2-29 | Sk | – | 216.04 | – | – | – | 188.6 | 134.5 | 0.156 | 0.205 | 0.011 |
ST2-30 | St | 12.52 | 185.11 | 15.81 | 9.1 | 2.37 | 134.0 | 104.5 | 0.057 | 0.060 | 0.011 |
ST2-31 | St | 14.55 | 180.81 | 13.77 | 9.16 | 1.61 | 140.8 | 103.0 | 0.095 | 0.097 | 0.011 |
ST2-32 | St | 7.95 | 194.77 | 17.81 | 5.65 | 1.57 | 155.2 | 111.9 | 0.117 | 0.126 | 0.011 |
ST2-33 | St | 14.22 | 181.50 | 30.74 | 11.71 | 3.71 | 131.4 | 98.6 | 0.078 | 0.085 | 0.012 |
ST2-34 | St | 6.11 | 198.67 | 22.46 | 7.41 | 81.8 | 75.0 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.009 | |
ST2-35 | St | 8.34 | 193.96 | 24.11 | 9.65 | 2.45 | 138.0 | 104.5 | 0.069 | 0.072 | 0.011 |
ST2-36 | St | 10.64 | 189.09 | 20.5 | 6.13 | 3.01 | 137.4 | 104.5 | 0.082 | 0.085 | 0.011 |
ST2-37 | St | 12.49 | 185.17 | 37.81 | 9.11 | 3.3 | 127.9 | 99.5 | 0.059 | 0.062 | 0.012 |
ST2-38 | St | 14.57 | 180.77 | 26.78 | 10.23 | 2.32 | 137.0 | 104.8 | 0.076 | 0.080 | 0.016 |
ST2-39 | St | 2.31 | 206.72 | 24.47 | 9.4 | 1.08 | 160.7 | 120.2 | 0.085 | 0.091 | 0.012 |
ST2-40 | St | 6.33 | 198.21 | 33.31 | 7.91 | 2.42 | 157.6 | 121.6 | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.011 |
ST2-41 | St | – | 211.60 | – | – | – | 173.5 | 127.2 | 0.163 | 0.202 | 0.020 |
ST2-42 | St | – | 211.60 | – | – | – | 166.4 | 120.4 | 0.154 | 0.203 | 0.020 |
ST2-43 | St | – | 211.60 | – | – | – | 173.1 | 127.4 | 0.168 | 0.218 | 0.021 |
ST2-44 | St | – | 211.60 | – | – | – | 172.2 | 126.8 | 0.177 | 0.237 | 0.021 |
ST2-45 | St | – | 211.60 | – | – | – | 173.7 | 128.0 | 0.169 | 0.206 | 0.021 |
ST2-46 | Sk | 12.39 | 189.28 | 27.33 | 9.78 | 2.65 | 111.8 | 99.4 | 0.022 | 0.026 | 0.010 |
ST2-47 | Sk | 3.57 | 208.32 | 5.14 | 5.5 | 0.98 | 172.3 | 126.3 | 0.106 | 0.114 | 0.011 |
ST2-48 | Sk | 2.01 | 211.70 | 5.44 | 3.93 | 1.1 | 175.4 | 127.8 | 0.106 | 0.117 | 0.011 |
ST2-49 | Sk | 1.60 | 212.59 | 3.56 | 3 | 0.27 | 177.0 | 126.3 | 0.120 | 0.127 | 0.011 |
ST2-50 | Sk | 2.47 | 210.71 | 14.69 | 7.61 | 1.9 | 161.8 | 123.7 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.011 |
ST2-51 | Sk | 0.71 | 214.50 | 12 | 5.6 | 0.49 | 173.6 | 127.0 | 0.128 | 0.134 | 0.011 |
Bar # | Bar type |
µ
avg,w
(%) |
A
avg
(mm2) |
A
ccs
(mm2) | µavg,3D (%) | µccs (%) | Pit length (mm) | Pit width (mm) | Pit depth (mm) | Fmax (kN) | Fy (kN) | εmax (–) | εu (–) | εy (–) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST3-1 | St | 7.90 | 194.88 | 187.81 | 5.94 | 11.24 | 14.88 | 8.11 | 2.67 | 154.4 | 115.9 | 0.077 | 0.081 | 0.009 |
ST3-2 | St | 9.37 | 191.77 | 146.67 | 13.56 | 30.68 | 25.17 | 13.97 | 3.07 | 129.8 | 105.3 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.008 |
ST3-3 | Sk | 8.85 | 196.92 | 189.45 | 7.44 | 12.31 | 9.54 | 4.67 | 2.84 | 154.0 | 115.6 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.009 |
ST3-4 | Sk | 7.34 | 200.18 | 169.90 | 7.83 | 21.36 | 14.71 | 4.12 | 3.17 | 143.7 | 121.5 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.009 |
ST3-5 | St | 13.84 | 182.31 | 173.77 | 10.68 | 17.88 | 7.83 | 5.22 | 2.58 | 153.6 | 123.6 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.010 |
ST3-6 | Sk | 7.10 | 200.71 | 184.47 | 4.04 | 14.61 | 13.61 | 10 | 2.09 | 148.2 | 124.8 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.009 |
ST3-7 | Sk | 10.17 | 194.07 | 188.17 | 8.51 | 12.90 | 6.85 | 5.89 | 2.09 | 164.9 | 122.1 | 0.074 | 0.079 | 0.009 |
ST3-8 | Sk | 8.32 | 198.05 | 195.02 | 5.87 | 9.73 | 4.07 | 3.38 | 2.49 | 158.3 | 119.9 | 0.078 | 0.082 | 0.009 |
ST3-9 | St | 5.13 | 200.74 | 189.97 | 4.43 | 10.2 | 12.02 | 7.32 | 1.71 | 162.3 | 123.5 | 0.089 | 0.095 | 0.014 |
ST3-10 | Sk | 8.76 | 197.12 | 179.94 | 7.67 | 16.71 | 6.74 | 5.11 | 3.11 | 147.5 | 116.4 | 0.053 | 0.057 | 0.009 |
ST3-11 | St | 4.53 | 202.01 | 161.71 | 6.48 | 23.58 | 15.46 | 11.4 | 4.28 | 146.0 | 120.0 | 0.026 | 0.027 | 0.007 |
ST3-12 | Sk | 7.87 | 199.03 | 172.88 | 11.47 | 19.98 | 9.61 | 8.61 | 2.5 | 146.3 | 122.0 | 0.047 | 0.049 | 0.010 |
ST3-13 | St | 14.37 | 181.19 | 154.19 | 16.09 | 27.13 | 22.15 | 10.54 | 2.2 | 140.3 | 107.3 | 0.042 | 0.045 | 0.008 |
ST3-14 | St | 14.08 | 181.82 | 169.70 | 15.50 | 19.80 | 12.09 | 9.08 | 2.06 | 150.5 | 111.8 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.012 |
ST3-15 | St | 5.64 | 199.66 | 195.02 | 3.54 | 7.83 | 9.84 | 4.78 | 1.75 | 161.4 | 118.9 | 0.095 | 0.106 | 0.013 |
ST3-16 | St | 8.14 | 194.38 | 176.11 | 8.80 | 16.77 | 9.41 | 5.64 | 2.67 | 140.2 | 111.7 | 0.062 | 0.064 | 0.014 |
ST3-17 | St | 5.97 | 198.96 | 173.91 | 5.55 | 17.81 | 9.12 | 4.59 | 1.88 | 143.9 | 112.9 | 0.056 | 0.057 | 0.013 |
ST3-18 | St | 7.47 | 195.79 | 180.52 | 8.30 | 14.69 | 8.74 | 3.25 | 1.42 | 148.9 | 110.7 | 0.100 | 0.110 | 0.012 |
ST3-19 | St | 14.20 | 181.55 | 158.46 | 15.72 | 25.11 | 11.35 | 6.54 | 3.3 | 120.2 | 95.0 | 0.048 | 0.049 | 0.013 |
ST3-20 | St | 12.65 | 184.84 | 172.59 | 14.46 | 18.44 | 30.51 | 12.68 | 3.28 | 152.6 | 113.3 | 0.097 | 0.108 | 0.014 |
ST3-21 | St | 7.72 | 195.25 | 183.83 | 6.72 | 13.12 | 8.5 | 5.34 | 3.11 | 151.3 | 111.7 | 0.083 | 0.091 | 0.012 |
ST3-22 | St | 11.48 | 187.31 | 170.99 | 10.45 | 19.19 | 7.74 | 5.85 | 2.13 | 139.3 | 104.8 | 0.090 | 0.101 | 0.012 |
ST3-23 | St | 5.64 | 199.67 | 183.68 | 6.10 | 13.19 | 15.71 | 6.37 | 2.01 | 148.3 | 113.7 | 0.070 | 0.072 | 0.015 |
ST3-24 | St | 4.76 | 201.53 | 197.61 | 1.79 | 6.61 | 4.03 | 2.98 | 1.35 | 168.1 | 121.9 | 0.138 | 0.159 | 0.017 |
ST3-25 | St | 11.03 | 188.25 | 165.31 | 9.80 | 21.88 | 12.41 | 7.38 | 1.86 | 135.6 | 105.4 | 0.058 | 0.060 | 0.013 |
ST3-26 | St | 17.70 | 174.15 | 147.20 | 18.31 | 30.43 | 11.74 | 9.52 | 2.22 | 126.5 | 100.8 | 0.048 | 0.052 | 0.013 |
ST3-27 | St | 5.20 | 200.60 | 181.33 | 7.68 | 14.31 | 10.94 | 5.77 | 2.19 | 163.0 | 121.4 | 0.094 | 0.099 | 0.014 |
ST3-28 | St | 4.22 | 202.68 | 189.69 | 3.76 | 10.36 | 7.99 | 7.72 | 2.06 | 154.8 | 117.3 | 0.083 | 0.085 | 0.013 |
ST3-29 | St | 15.29 | 179.25 | 167.22 | 15.65 | 20.97 | 7.04 | 4.66 | 2.44 | 137.0 | 100.2 | 0.090 | 0.092 | 0.014 |
ST3-30 | St | 15.26 | 179.32 | 151.07 | 15.48 | 28.61 | 29.22 | 14.83 | 2.53 | 125.1 | 95.8 | 0.064 | 0.073 | 0.012 |
ST3-31 | St | 18.58 | 172.28 | 128.92 | 25.55 | 39.07 | 12.39 | 7.16 | 3.09 | 118.1 | 95.2 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.013 |
ST3-32 | St | 12.17 | 185.86 | 167.94 | 12.38 | 20.64 | 14.91 | 4.46 | 2.61 | 150.8 | 110.5 | 0.088 | 0.094 | 0.012 |