1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of evaluating experiences with smart cycling technologies
1.2 Measuring cycling experiences
Author | Experience and measurement | Analysis | |||||||
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Experience type | Sensor type | SCT evaluated | Statistical method | Causal inferences from mixed method triangulation | Only statistical correlations | Grounded theory | Unclear | ||
Confounders statistically analysed | Confounders only discussed | ||||||||
von Stülpnagel [132] | Risk perception | ET | Linear mixed model | v | |||||
Doorley et al. [33] | Risk perception | ECG | ANOVA | v | |||||
Millar et al. [80] | Arousal | EDA | Multilevel regression | v | |||||
Pejhan et al. [93] | Anxiety | ECG or PPG (not specified) | ANOVA | v | |||||
Fitch et al. [43] | Stress | ECG | Multilevel regression | v | |||||
Venkatachalapathy et al. [127] | Stress | EDA | v | Linear mixed model | v | ||||
Teixeira et al. [125] | Stress | EDA | Multilevel regression | v | |||||
Yang et al. [141] | Stress | EDA | Propensity score matching and linear mixed model | v | |||||
Zeile et al. [145] | Stress | PPG, ST, ECG | Rule-based process | v | |||||
Nuñez et al. [88] | Stress | EDA, ST | Logistic regression | v | |||||
Caviedes and Figliozzi [21] | Stress | EDA | Random effect model | v | |||||
Vieira et al. [130] | Stress | ECG | k-Nearest neighbours | v | |||||
Rybarczyk et al. [106] | Unspecified | PPG | Local regression model | v | |||||
Berger and Dörrzapf [12] | Stress | EDA, ET (separate parts) | Not specified | v | |||||
Zink et al. [146] | Mental workload | EEG | ANOVA | v | |||||
Mantuano et al. [78] | Attention | ET | Eye tracking software | v | |||||
Scanlon et al. [112] | Attentiveness, task effort | EEG | T tests | v | |||||
Robles et al. [99] | Attention, excitement, task effort, task difficulty | EEG | ANOVA | v | |||||
Hale et al. [55] | Risk perception | ECG | T tests | v | |||||
Gadsby et al. [46] | Comfort | ET | Eye tracking software, ANOVA | v | |||||
Fyhri and Phillips [45] | Risk perception | ECG | ANOVA | v | |||||
Liu and Figliozzi [75] | Stress | EDA | ANOVA | v | |||||
Feizi et al. [41] | Comfort | Hall effect | Z tests and ordered probit model | v | |||||
De La Iglesia et al. [30] | Exercise | ECG or PPG (not specified) | v | Descriptive statistics | v | ||||
Resch et al. [96] | Stress | PPG, ST, ECG | Rule-based process | v | |||||
Ryerson et al. [107] | Mental workload | ET | Eye tracking software, ANOVA | v | |||||
Scanlon et al. [112] | Mental distraction | EEG | T tests | v | |||||
Dastageeri et al. [29] | Happy or Fear | PPG, ST, ECG | Multilayer perceptron classifier and decision tree | v | |||||
Werner et al. [137] | Stress | EDA, ST | Rule-based process | v | |||||
Kyriakou et al. [71] | Stress | EDA, ST | Rule-based process | v | |||||
Ducao et al. [35] | Unspecified | EEG, ECG | Unspecified | v | |||||
Kiryu and Minagawa [69] | Muscle fatigue | EMG | v | Regression model | v | ||||
Gorgul et al. [51] | Stress | ECG or PPG (not specified), EDA | Getis-Ord Gi statistic | v | |||||
Mussgnug et al. [84] | Unspecified | ET | Unspecified | v | |||||
Zeile et al. [144] | Stress | PPG, ST, ECG | Rule-based process | v | |||||
Hughey et al. [58] | Perceived exertion | HR | T tests | v | |||||
Andres et al. [4] | Integrated Exertion | Gyroscope | v | Thematic analysis | v | ||||
Walmink et al. [133] | Social Exertion | ECG | v | Thematic analysis | v | ||||
Andres et al. [5] | Peripheral vision | EEG | v | Thematic analysis | v | ||||
Bial et al. [13] | Ease, comfort | ECG | v | ANOVA | v |
1.3 Knowledge gaps, aims, and scope
1.4 Scientific contribution and paper outline
2 Literature review methodology
2.1 Search query and databases
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("bike" OR bicycl* OR "biking" OR “cycling” OR "cyclist") AND ("experience" OR "emotion" OR "perception") AND (evaluat* OR measur* OR quantif* OR determin* OR "assess" OR "impact")
2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
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Document types: only publications in the form of academic journal articles, academic conference articles, book chapters, or grey literature (literature that is not formally published in peer-reviewed academic journals, conferences, or books).
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Bicycle types: only regular bicycles, instrumented bicycles, e-bicycles, or speed pedelecs.
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Research designs: only field studies, with 1 or more human participants, in which body sensors measured outdoor cycling experiences.
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Population: only nonprofessional, healthy, and private individuals aged 18 or older.
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Language: only articles in English or Dutch language.
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Publication date: 2005 or later.
2.3 Selection and data extraction
2.4 Search results
3 Results from analysis of selected literature
3.1 Experiences and sensors
3.2 Route choice and participant samples
3.3 Studies with body sensors and SCTs
3.4 Data validation and analysis approaches
3.5 Confounding variables
4 Conceptual framework for evaluations
4.1 Cyclist experiences with SCTs
Author | Identified types of experiences |
---|---|
Liu et al. [76] | Spatial, e.g., relationship to place, remembering mental maps; Social, e.g., interaction with other people; Sensory, e.g., smell, vision, sounds, feel of the bicycle and road |
Hagen et al. [54] | Safety and Reliability; Speed; Comfort; Ease; Quality time |
Keuning [65] | Psychological flow during cycling. Flow is characterized by effort-less control, total absorption in the ride, a belief in one’s abilities, and more [23] |
Rundio et al. [105] | Experiences of personal transformation, e.g., identity change in case of an elderly person losing the ability to cycle. Extraordinary experiences, e.g., experiences of mindset and habit changes after a 10.000 km cycling journey |
Andres [3] | SCTs as thrillers, partners, detractors, and assistants, which result in 12 different types of cycling experiences. E.g., SCTs as thrillers lead to experiences of competition, SCTs as detractors lead to experiences of discouragement |
Kalra et al. [63] | Perceived safety, perceived comfort, aggression, anxiety, risk perception, emotional stress, conflicts, threats |
Author | Factors in SCTs | Examples |
---|---|---|
Kapousizis et al. [64] | Six levels of smartness in SCTs | Only passive warnings, full government intervention |
Oliveira et al. [89] | Integrations with other intelligent transport systems | Green wave systems where both cars and cyclists are involved |
Nikolaeva et al. [86] | Seven different aims of SCTs | Navigating the spatial environment, improving the relationship between the cyclist and the bike |
Berge et al. [11] | 14 different factors that describe the human–computer interaction in SCTs | Positioning: on-bike, on cyclist, on infrastructure, or on other road users. Communication modality: visual, auditory, motion |
Andres [3] | Four roles of SCTs | SCTs as partners, thrillers, detractors, assistants |
4.2 Experience measurements
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Although data from HR, HRV, GSR, and ST sensors has weak links to perceived stress [74], once these links are strengthened it is expected that these sensor types will be useful to study SCTs that aim to improve stress, comfort, and perceived safety during cycling.
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EEG readings may fit well to understanding impacts of SCTs on cognitive and mental aspects of cycling experiences, even though it may seem that measuring EEG signals during cycling is unfeasible due to technical challenges and errors induced by movement. Studies succeeded in capturing cognitive and mental factors during cycling via EEG readings [5, 146]. The advent of low-cost, wireless, lightweight, portable EEG devices is also promising for cycling research [44, 110]. Research has already shown high prediction accuracy for deriving emotions from EEG data [134].
4.3 Confounding variables
4.4 Data analysis
5 Discussion
5.1 Outcomes
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Research directions
6 Conclusions
7 Attachment 1: Full search query
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Scopus: ( "bike" OR bicycl* OR "biking" OR “cycling” OR "cyclist") AND ( "experience" OR "emotion" OR "perception") AND ( evaluat* OR measur* OR quantif* OR determin* OR "assess" OR "impact")) AND PUBYEAR > 2004 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "ENGI") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "SOCI") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "COMP") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "ENVI") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "PSYC") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "BUSI") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "NEUR") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "DECI") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "ARTS") OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA, "MULT")) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, "ar") OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, "cp") OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, "ch") OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, "re")) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Dutch").
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TRID: ("bike" OR bicycl* OR "biking" OR “cycling” OR "cyclist") AND ("experience" OR "emotion" OR "perception") AND (evaluat* OR measur* OR quantif* OR determin* OR "assess" OR "impact").
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WoS: ("bike" OR bicycl* OR "biking" OR “cycling” OR "cyclist") AND ("experience" OR "emotion" OR "perception") AND (evaluat* OR measur* OR quantif* OR determin* OR "assess" OR "impact").
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GS: ("bike" OR "bicycle" OR "cycling" OR "cyclist") AND ("experience" OR "emotion" OR "perception") AND ("evaluation" OR "measure" OR "quantify" OR "determin" OR "assess" OR "impact").