1 Introduction
1.1 Energy communities in the European context
1.2 Energy cell
2 Scenarios and simulation model
2.1 Scenario definition
Testbed | Country | PV | Wind | EV | HP | ES | Investigated scenarios |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Badesiedlung (LEC) | AT | ✔ | x | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 6 |
Sankt Andrä Wörden (REC) | AT | ✔ | x | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 6 |
Tulbing (LEC) | AT | ✔ | x | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 3 |
Tulbing + surroundings (REC) | AT | ✔ | x | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 3 |
Wallonia | BE | ✔ | x | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 24 (2a) |
Tripod houses | NO | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 16 (4a) |
Consumption | Generation | HP | EV | Profile name |
---|---|---|---|---|
C | 2 | ✔ | x | C2_HP |
C | 3 | x | ✔ | C3_EV |
D | 3 | ✔ | x | D3_HP |
2.2 Simulation model
3 Simulation results and evaluation
3.1 Simulation results
3.2 Economic evaluation
Region | Energy price (c€/kWh) | Grid injection (c€/kWh) | PV CAPEX (€/Wp) (2020/2030/2040) | PV OPEX (€/kWp.a) | ESS CAPEX (€/kWh) (2040) | ESS OPEX (% of initial CAPEX) | Support mechanism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT | 7 | 4 | 0.8/ 0.75/ 0.7a | 8 | 100 | 1.5 | 2–3 c/kWh (LEC), 3–5.5 c/kWh (REC) Network Tariff exemption |
BE (Wa) | 7 | 4 | 0.8 | 8 | – | – | 2.5 c/kWh ‘Green Contribution’ |
NO | 9 | 3.5 | – | – | – | – | None |
4 Discussion
Country | Scenario | Production (MWh) | Consumption (MWh) | Self-Consumption (MWh) | Distribution within energy cell (MWh) | Increase of SCRsdue to energy cell (%) | Increase of autarky ratedue to energy cell (%) | Net Cash Flow (k€) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT | Tulbing 2021 | 94 | 315 | 70 | 18 | 20 | 6 | 35 |
AT | Tulbing + surrounding 2021 | 205 | 581 | 133 | 51 | 25 | 9 | 59 |
AT | Badesiedlung 2021 | 10 | 58 | 3 | 7 | 66 | 11 | 9 |
AT | St. Andrä—Wördern 2021 | 161 | 447 | 86 | 52 | 32 | 12 | 60 |
BE | Pool 8 − high ER | 316 | 594 | 77 | 61 | 19 | 10 | 41 |
NO | Pool 1 − low ER | 138 | 165 | 55 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 25 |
NO | Pool 1 − low ER + WT | 146 | 163 | 66 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 23 |
NO | Pool 2 − high ER | 138 | 212 | 77 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 22 |
NO | Pool 2 − high ER + WT | 146 | 212 | 83 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 24 |